| 41. |
- Kanchiralla, Fayas Malik, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Life-Cycle Assessment and Costing of Fuels and Propulsion Systems in Future Fossil-Free Shipping
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 56:17, s. 12517-12531
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Future ships need to operate with low or possibly zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while ensuring low influence on other environmental impacts and that the operation is economically feasible.This study conducts a life-cycle evaluation of potential decarbonization solutions involving selected energy carriers (electrolytic hydrogen, electro-ammonia, electro-methanol, and electricity) in different propulsion system setups (engines, fuel cells, and carbon capture technologies) in terms of environmental impact and costs.The results of the study show that the assessed decarbonization options are promising measures to reduce maritime GHG emissions with low-carbon-intensive electricity.The same order of GHG reduction is shown to be possible independent of the propulsion system and energy carrier used onboard.However, the carbon abatement cost ranges from 300 to 550 €/tCO2eq, and there is a trade-off with environmental impacts such as human toxicity (cancer and non-cancer effects) and freshwater ecotoxicity mainly linked with the wind infrastructure used for electricity production.Electro-ammonia in fuel cells is indicated to be effective in terms of the carbon abatement cost followed by the so-called HyMethShip concept.The higher abatement cost of all options compared to current options indicates that major incentives and policy measures are required to promote the introduction of alternative fuel and propulsion systems.
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| 42. |
- Kanchiralla, Fayas Malik, 1989
(författare)
-
Life cycle navigation through future energy carriers and propulsion options for the energy transition in shipping
- 2023
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The shipping industry's heavy reliance on fossil fuels has a detrimental effect on the global climate, human health, and the natural environment. The shipping sector now relies on the use of cheap and energy-dense heavy fuel oil and is perceived as ‘difficult-to-decarbonize’. Presently the shipping sector is adopting incremental emission reduction measures related to operational and technological energy efficiency solutions. However, to meet the global climate target, the transition from fossil-based marine fuels to renewable energy carriers is needed. Electro-fuels, which are produced from low-carbon electricity, or direct use of electricity with battery storage, are two pathways for energy transition included in this thesis. This thesis aims to assess the possible influence of the above two decarbonization paths based on energy demand, environmental performance, and economic performance across the whole life cycle of ships. The assessment is performed for hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and battery-electric on three case study vessels using prospective life cycle assessment (pLCA) and life cycle costing (LCC). The pLCA is based on systems thinking used for the environmental assessment of emerging technologies that are in an early stage of development, and the LCC is used for the economic assessment of technologies over the life cycle based on the same systems thinking. To understand the environmental and economic tradeoffs for decision making an integrated assessment of pLCA and LCC is employed in the thesis. Considering the complexity and challenges of integration, a framework termed ‘integrated life cycle framework’ is developed for this thesis, allowing for consistent assessment to understand tradeoffs. This framework can be useful for other transport sectors. The study shows that there is a substantial potential for reducing the environmental impact of shipping through the studied pathways; however, this depends on the carbon intensity of the electricity used in fuel production. Technically, not all fuels are suitable for all vessels. Their suitability is primarily determined by the amount of fuel required for bunkering and the amount of space available onboard. Reduced climate impact comes at the expense of several other impact categories, such as human toxicity, water use, and resource use (minerals and metals). For the same type of fuel, fuel cells have greater impact reduction potential than engine options; however, engines are more cost competitive. Fuel price and utilization rate also influence cost competitiveness. The total life cycle cost of all the studied options is significantly higher than the conventional diesel option, and the critical parameter is the cost of the fuel. The cost of fuel is sensitive to the price of electricity. The carbon abatement cost estimated in this study shows that policies should be designed to imply at least a cost of 250–300 €/tCO2eq for emitting greenhouse gases to make the assessed fuel options cost competitive.
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| 43. |
- Kanchiralla, Fayas Malik, 1989, et al.
(författare)
-
Role of biofuels, electro-fuels, and blue fuels for shipping: environmental and economic life cycle considerations
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Energy and Environmental Sciences. - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 17:17, s. 6393-6418
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global shipping industry is under increasing scrutiny for its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, and it is a challenge to find sustainable and cost-efficient solutions to meet new and stringent climate reduction targets. This study uses life cycle assessment and life cycle costing to evaluate five main decarbonization strategies to reduce climate impact from ships: uptake of e-fuels, blue-fuels, biofuels, battery electric propulsion, and onboard carbon capture technology. The environmental impact, the economic performance, and the total costs of abating carbon emissions of a total of 23 decarbonization pathways are investigated. The life cycle assessment and life cycle costing are performed on prospective scenarios considering three ship types: bulk carrier, container ship, and cruise ship, and incorporate future development uncertainties. The results show that electro-fuels in the form of e-ammonia, e-methanol, and e-liquid hydrogen in fuel cells offer the highest climate mitigation potential of more than 85% compared to the use of marine gas oil in internal combustion engines. Biofuel options have a reduction potential of up to 78%, while blue-fuel and onboard carbon capture have lower climate reduction potentials of up to 62% and 56%, respectively. Bio-methanol has the most promising cost outlook with a carbon abatement cost of around 100 per tCO2eq. Onboard carbon capture technologies have a carbon abatement cost of around 150-190 per tCO2eq. While they can serve as a short-term transitional solution, they have a higher environmental impact and offer limited potential for climate mitigation. E-Ammonia appears as one of the most cost-effective solutions among e-fuels. Development of policy measures and investments in renewable energy infrastructure are necessary for the growth of e-fuels production, as affordable and renewable electricity is vital for the viability of e-fuels in shipping. The uncertainty and sensitivity analysis show the influence of primary energy sources on carbon abatement costs which will be key to understand the effectiveness of policies and to develop strategies to support the shipping industry's transition to a sustainable future. This study analyses different decarbonization strategies for shipping including uptake of e-fuels, blue fuels and biofuels, battery electric propulsion and onboard carbon capture technology from a life cycle perspective.
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| 44. |
- Karlsson, Ida, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Mistra Carbon Exit Technical roadmap - Buildings and transport infrastructure
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report explores different possible trajectories of technological developments in the supply chains of buildings and transportation infrastructure. By linking short-term and long-term goals with specific technology options, the Mistra Carbon Exit roadmaps describe key decision points and potential synergies, competing goals and lock-in effects. The analysis combines quantitative analytical methods, i.e. scenarios and stylized models, with participatory processes involving relevant stakeholders in the roadmap assessment process. The roadmaps outline material and energy flows along with costs associated with different technical and strategical choices and explore interlinkages and interactions across sectors. The results show how strategic choices with respect to process technologies, energy carriers and the availability of biofuels, carbon capture, transport and storage (CCS) and carbon neutral electricity may have very different implications on energy use and CO2 emissions over time.
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| 45. |
- Karlsson, Ida, 1980, et al.
(författare)
-
Mistra Carbon Exit Technical roadmap - Cement industry
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report explores different possible trajectories of technological developments in the primary production of cement. By linking short-term and long-term goals with specific technology options, the Mistra Carbon Exit roadmaps describe key decision points and potential synergies, competing goals and lock-in effects. The analysis combines quantitative analytical methods, i.e. scenarios and stylized models, with participatory processes involving relevant stakeholders in the roadmap assessment process. The roadmaps outline material and energy flows along with costs associated with different technical and strategical choices and explore interlinkages and interactions across sectors. The results show how strategic choices with respect to process technologies, energy carriers and the availability of biofuels, carbon capture, transport and storage (CCS) and carbon neutral electricity may have very different implications on energy use and CO2 emissions over time.
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| 46. |
- Klint, Erik, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Sharing is caring - the importance of capital goods when assessing environmental impacts from private and shared laundry systems in Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 26, s. 1085-1099
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Previous studies on environmental impacts from domestic laundry have tended to focus solely on private washing machines and detergent. However, public procurement guidelines about the construction of laundry spaces may also be important. This article aims to expand the scope of previous work so that it also includes tumble drying and the building space. By doing this, we examine the potential for shared systems (which are common in Sweden) to reduce the environmental impacts of laundry activities, in comparison with consumer choices associated with machine operation (i.e., wash temperature and amount of detergent). Methods: An LCA model was created using product information data from the European Union. Emissions from building use were taken from Swedish cradle-to-grave reports on energy-efficient buildings. The resulting model was run with additional sensitivity analysis of the variables, and the associated emissions from each of the scenarios were calculated. Results and discussion: On average, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for private laundries in Sweden were estimated to be 190 g CO eq./kg laundry (washed and dried). If a shared laundry was used instead, the resulting emissions decreased by approximately 26%. The greatest contribution to GHG emissions was the use of detergent (22–33% of total emissions), followed by capital goods (11–38% of total emissions). Conclusion: Deciding to construct shared laundries in newly built apartment buildings in Sweden, rather than in-unit machines, would reduce the emissions from domestic laundry for these tenants by approximately 26%. This is because materials used for manufacturing whitegoods, as well as the emissions associated with the building itself, play a much bigger role than previously thought. Additionally, since the cleaning efficiency of warm water and some of the components used in detergents rises with temperature, emissions from domestic laundering could for some consumers be reduced further by washing at higher temperature but with less detergent. This pattern could be seen in Sweden within regions with hard water, where the emissions from domestic laundry could be reduced by 6–12%.
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| 47. |
- Kyprianidis, Konstantinos, et al.
(författare)
-
On-line Powerplant Control using Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy : OPtiC-NIRS, REPORT 2021:746
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Near InfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers rapid on-line analysis of biomass feedstocks and can be utilized for process control of biomass- based combined heat and power plants. Within the OPtiC-NIRS project we have carried out a full-scale on-site testing of different NIRS for online powerplant control at the facilities of Mälarenergi and Eskilstuna Strängnäs Energi och Miljö. The project has been focused on developing and testing robust NIRS soft-sensors for fuel higher heating value and composition (incl. moisture, components such as recycle wood and glass, different type of plastics and ash) and combining them with dynamic models for on-line feed-forward process monitoring and control. Expected benefits include reduced risk of agglomeration and pollutant emissions formation as well as improved production control. A longer-term potential and ambition is to be able to identify the fossil content in municipal waste fuel, which can hopefully be addressed in a follow-up study.
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| 48. |
- Lozano, Francisco J., et al.
(författare)
-
New perspectives for green and sustainable chemistry and engineering : approaches from sustainable resource and energy use, management, and transformation
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 172, s. 227-232
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The special volume on green and sustainable chemistry and engineering has fourteen papers that were considered relevant to the present day issues and discussion, such as adequate use of raw materials and efficient energy, besides considering renewable sources for materials and energy; and changing economical canons towards circular economy. Businesses, governments and Society are facing a number of challenges to tread the sustainability path and provide wellbeing for future generations. This special volume relevance provides discussions and contributions to foster that desirable future. Chemicals are ubiquitous in everyday activities. Their widespread presence provides benefits to societies’ wellbeing, but can have some deleterious effects. To counteract such effect, green engineering and sustainable assessment in industrial processes have been gathering momentum in the last thirty years. Green chemistry, green engineering, eco-efficiency, and sustainability are becoming a necessity for assessing and managing products and processes in the chemical industry. This special volume presents fourteen articles related to sustainable resource and energy use (five articles), circular economy (one article), cleaner production and sustainable process assessment (five article), and innovation in chemical products (three articles). Green and sustainable chemistry, as well as sustainable chemical engineering and renewable energy sources are required to foster and consolidate a transition towards more sustainable societies. This special volume present current trends in chemistry and chemical engineering, such as sustainable resource and energy use, circular economy, cleaner production and sustainable process assessment, and innovation in chemical products. This special volume provides insights in this direction and complementing other efforts towards such transition.
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| 49. |
- Malmgren, Elin, 1992, et al.
(författare)
-
The environmental performance of a fossil-free ship propulsion system with onboard carbon capture – a life cycle assessment of the HyMethShip concept
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Sustainable Energy & Fuels. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2398-4902. ; 5:10, s. 2753-2770
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The climate impact caused by the shipping industry has increased over the past decades despite attempts toimprove the energy efficiency of vessels and lower induced emissions. A tool in reducing climate and otherenvironmental impacts is new low emissions propulsion technologies. These new technologies need toreduce harmful emissions not only in the tailpipe but also over the entire life cycle. This study uses lifecycle assessment to investigate the life cycle environmental impact of a propulsion concept currentlyunder development: the HyMethShip concept. The HyMethShip concept combines electro-methanolenergy storage, an onboard pre-combustion carbon capture system, and a dual fuel internal combustionengine. The concept aims for an almost closed CO2 loop by installing CO2 capture onboard.The CO2 isunloaded in port and converted into electro-methanol which is used to fuel the ship again. This is madepossible by a pre-combustion process converting electro-methanol to hydrogen and CO2. Theassessment is conducted from well-to-propeller and focuses on ship operation in the North Sea in 2030.The results indicate that this technology could be an alternative to reduce the climate impact fromshipping.The results show a lower impact on acidification, climate change, marine eutrophication,particulate matter, photochemical ozone formation, and terrestrial eutrophication compared to internalcombustion engines run on either marine gas oil (0.1% sulphur content), biogenic methanol, fossilmethanol, or electro-methanol. Electricity with low climate and environmental impact is likely requiredto achieve this, and low NOx emissions from combustion processes need to be maintained. A potentialtrade-off is higher toxicity impacts from the HyMethShip concept compared to most other options, dueto metal needs in wind power plants.
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| 50. |
- Malmgren, Elin, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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The HyMethShip Concept: An investigation of system design choices and vessel operation characteristics influence on life cycle performance
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of 8th Transport Research Arena TRA 2020.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One potential method to decarbonize the maritime transport sector is by using onboard carbon capture technologies. One such potential future propulsion system is the "HyMethShip - Hydrogen-Methanol Ship propulsion system using onboard pre-combustion carbon capture" concept. In this study we use life cycle assessment to analyse the impact of system design choices on the overall environmental performance of the system. Using the HyMethShip on a vessel is shown to lower climate impact compared to today’s conventional propulsion technologies. The runtime of the carbon capture system and hydrogen leakage are indicated as the main influencers to the environmental performance besides overall system efficiency. The cost of the HyMethShip system is higher than today’s liquid fossil fuel options, but lower than when electro-methanol is used in a conventional engine without applying the HyMethShip concept.
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