| 1. |
- Jönsson, Petter
(författare)
-
Gaining market acceptance in safety : the early development of the seatbelt industry in Sweden
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the latest 50 years safety has emerged as a new field in the automotive industry. Beginning with the first experimenrs and start up firms in the early 1950s, the vehicle safety industry has developed into a 14 billion US dollar industry The paper highlights some important factors in the transformation process from small, highly creative and entrepreneurial ventures to a few large and global suppliers. The paper argues that when introducing products within a completely new field, the main difficulties are related to market issues, convincing users and customers that the new function, in this case safety, is necessary and needed. These issues are initially more difficult than actually designing the product itself. As a consequence of the established automotive companies nor easily seeing marker opportunities for products within the new safety field, led to inertia in the automotive industry. The reluctance among most of the established companies to take active part in the development of safety products gave an opportunity for new entrepreneurs to enter.
|
|
| 2. |
- Laine, T. A., et al.
(författare)
-
Variational analysis and angular bistability in layered nonlinear Kerr media with phase conjugation
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Journal of the Optical Society of America. B, Optical physics. - 0740-3224 .- 1520-8540. ; 17:6, s. 977-984
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The calculus of variations is applied to electromagnetic fields in a layered nonlinear structure supporting a guided wave. The system also includes a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM). By introducing a variational dimension and using a collection of plane waves as a trial function, we approximate the exact solution of the nonlinear Kerr-Maxwell equation. The formalism is new, and it involves the nonlinear interference of multiple plane waves. A simple analytical expression for the nonlinear field in the presence of the PCM is derived, and the fact that the scattered intensities may become bistable when the angle of incidence is varied is demonstrated. In particular, our theory predicts the angular bistability in the backscattering direction, where the effect of the guided waves is subtle. Our numerical results are also in good agreement with other theoretical approaches and with the experimental data.
|
|
