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Sökning: AMNE:(MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES Basic Medicine Microbiology in the medical area) > Medicin och hälsovetenskap

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1.
  • Nijsingh, Niels, 1977, et al. (författare)
  • Managing pollution from antibiotics manufacturing: charting actors, incentives and disincentives
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Environmental health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-069X. ; 18
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Emissions of high concentrations of antibiotics from manufacturing sites select for resistant bacteria and may contribute to the emergence of new forms of resistance in pathogens. Many scientists, industry, policy makers and other stakeholders recognize such pollution as an unnecessary and unacceptable risk to global public health. An attempt to assess and reduce such discharges, however, quickly meets with complex realities that need to be understood to identify effective ways to move forward. This paper charts relevant key actor-types, their main stakes and interests, incentives that can motivate them to act to improve the situation, as well as disincentives that may undermine such motivation. Methods The actor types and their respective interests have been identified using research literature, publicly available documents, websites, and the knowledge of the authors. Results Thirty-three different actor-types were identified, representing e.g. commercial actors, public agencies, states and international institutions. These are in complex ways connected by interests that sometimes may conflict and sometimes pull in the same direction. Some actor types can act to create incentives and disincentives for others in this area. Conclusions The analysis demonstrates and clarifies the challenges in addressing industrial emissions of antibiotics, notably the complexity of the relations between different types of actors, their international dependency and the need for transparency. The analysis however also suggests possible ways of initiating incentive-chains to eventually improve the prospects of motivating industry to reduce emissions. High-resource consumer states, especially in multinational cooperation, hold a key position to initiate such chains.
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2.
  • Nilsson, R. Henrik, 1976, et al. (författare)
  • Mycobiome diversity: high-throughput sequencing and identification of fungi.
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Nature reviews. Microbiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1740-1534 .- 1740-1526. ; 17, s. 95-109
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fungi are major ecological players in both terrestrial and aquatic environments by cycling organic matter and channelling nutrients across trophic levels. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) studies of fungal communities are redrawing the map of the fungal kingdom by hinting at its enormous - and largely uncharted - taxonomic and functional diversity. However, HTS approaches come with a range of pitfalls and potential biases, cautioning against unwary application and interpretation of HTS technologies and results. In this Review, we provide an overview and practical recommendations for aspects of HTS studies ranging from sampling and laboratory practices to data processing and analysis. We also discuss upcoming trends and techniques in the field and summarize recent and noteworthy results from HTS studies targeting fungal communities and guilds. Our Review highlights the need for reproducibility and public data availability in the study of fungal communities. If the associated challenges and conceptual barriers are overcome, HTS offers immense possibilities in mycology and elsewhere.
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3.
  • Munthe, Christian, 1962 (författare)
  • Etiska aspekter på regenerativ medicin : Ethical aspects on regenerative medicine
  • 2003
  • Ingår i: SNIB-konferensen 2003, Chalmers tekniska högskola, Göteborg, 16-18 maj 2003.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Inom den regenerativa medicinen strävar man efter att ersätta skadat eller sjukligt biologiskt mänskligt material (celler, organ, kroppsdelar) med nya biologiska komponenter. Området aktualiserar en rad etiska frågeställningar vad gäller (1) produktionen av ersättningsmaterialet (t.ex. embryonala stamceller eller införskaffande av transplantationsvävnad från donatorer), (2) risker i samband med försök på människa (genmodifierat material, material från djur), samt (3) gränserna för hur långt man bör gå i denna slags försök att förlänga människans livsspann. Föredraget ger en kort översikt över dessa frågeställningar, ståndpunkter och argument i debatten kring dem.
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4.
  • Abarenkov, Kessy, et al. (författare)
  • Annotating public fungal ITS sequences from the built environment according to the MIxS-Built Environment standard – a report from a May 23-24, 2016 workshop (Gothenburg, Sweden)
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: MycoKeys. - : Pensoft Publishers. - 1314-4057 .- 1314-4049. ; 16, s. 1-15
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recent molecular studies have identified substantial fungal diversity in indoor environments. Fungi and fungal particles have been linked to a range of potentially unwanted effects in the built environment, including asthma, decay of building materials, and food spoilage. The study of the built mycobiome is hampered by a number of constraints, one of which is the poor state of the metadata annotation of fungal DNA sequences from the built environment in public databases. In order to enable precise interrogation of such data – for example, “retrieve all fungal sequences recovered from bathrooms” – a workshop was organized at the University of Gothenburg (May 23-24, 2016) to annotate public fungal barcode (ITS) sequences according to the MIxS-Built Environment annotation standard (http://gensc.org/mixs/). The 36 participants assembled a total of 45,488 data points from the published literature, including the addition of 8,430 instances of countries of collection from a total of 83 countries, 5,801 instances of building types, and 3,876 instances of surface-air contaminants. The results were implemented in the UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi (http://unite.ut.ee) and were shared with other online resources. Data obtained from human/animal pathogenic fungi will furthermore be verified on culture based metadata for subsequent inclusion in the ISHAM-ITS database (http://its.mycologylab.org).
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5.
  • Andersson, Sören, 1957-, et al. (författare)
  • CHIMERIC MOMP ANTIGEN
  • 2015
  • Patent (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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6.
  • Nijsingh, Niels, 1977, et al. (författare)
  • Justifying Antibiotic Resistance Interventions: Uncertainty, Precaution and Ethics
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Jamrozik E., Selgelid M.J. (eds) Ethics and Drug-Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer. - 2211-6680. - 9783030278731
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This chapter charts and critically analyses the ethical challenge of assessing how much (and what kind of) evidence is required for the justification of interventions in response antibiotic resistance (ABR), as well as other major public health threats. Our ambition here is to identify and briefly discuss main issues, and point to ways in which these need to be further advanced in future research. This will result in a tentative map of complications, underlying problems and possible challenges. This map illustrates that the ethical challenges in this area are much more complex and profound than is usually acknowledged, leaving no tentatively plausible intervention package free of downsides. This creates potentially overwhelming theoretical conundrums when trying to justify what to do. We therefore end by pointing out two general features of the complexity we find to be of particular importance, and a tentative suggestion for how to create a theoretical basis for further analysis.
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7.
  • Mamontov, Eugen, 1955 (författare)
  • Homeorhesis and evolutionary properties of living systems: From ordinary differential equations to the active-particle generalized kinetics theory
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: 10th Evolutionary Biology Meeting at Marseilles, 20-22 September 2006, Marseilles, France.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Advanced generalized-kinetic-theory (GKT) models for biological systems are developed for populations of active (or living) particles [1]-[5]. These particles are described with both the stochastic variables common in kinetic theory (such as time, the particle random location and velocity) and the stochastic variables related to the internal states of an active particle. Evolution of these states represents biological, ecological, or social properties of the particle behavior. Paper [6] analyzes a number of the well-known statistical-mechanics approaches and shows that the active-particle GKT (APGKT) is the only treatment capable of modelling living systems. Work [2] summarizes the significance of the notion of an active particle in kinetic models. This notion draws attention to the features distinguishing living matter from nonliving matter. They are discussed by many authors (e.g., [7]-[15], [1]-[3], [6], [16]-[18]). Work [11] considers a lot of differences between living and nonliving matters, and the limitations of the modelling approaches developed for nonliving matter. Work [6] mainly focuses on the comparison of a few theoretical mechanics treatments in terms of the key living-matter properties formulated in [15]. One of the necessary properties of the evolution of living systems is homeorhesis. It is, loosely speaking, a peculiar qualitative and quantitative insensitivity of a living system to the exogenous signals acting on it. The earlier notion, homeostasis, was introduced by W. B. Cannon in 1926 who discussed the phenomenon in detail later [7]. Homeorhesis introduced by C. H. Waddington [8, p. 32] generalizes homeostasis and is well known in biology [8], [9], [12]. It is an inherent part of mathematical models for oncogeny (e.g., [16]-[18], [6, Appendix]). Homeorhesis is also discussed in [3, Section 4] in connection with APGKT. Homeorhesis is documented in ecology (e.g., [11], [13, the left column on p. 675]) where it is one of the key notions of the strong Gaia theory, a version of the Gaia theory (e.g., [14, Chapter 8]). The strong Gaia theory “states that the planet with its life, a single living system, is regulated in certain aspects by that life” [14, p. 124]. The very origin of the name “Gaia” is related to homeorhesis or homeostasis [14, p. 118]. These notions are also used in psychology and sociology. If evolution of a system is not homeorhetic, the system can not be living. Work [6, Appendix] derives a preliminary mathematical formulation of homeorhesis in terms of the simplest dynamical systems, i.e. ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The present work complements, extended, and further specify the approach of [6, Appendix]. The work comprises the two main parts. The first part develops the sufficient conditions for ODE systems to describe homeorhesis, and suggests a fairly general structure of the ODE model. It regards homeorhesis as piecewise homeostasis. The model can be specified in different ways depending on specific systems and specific purposes of the analysis. An example of the specification is also noted (the PhasTraM nonlinear reaction-diffusion model for hyperplastic oncogeny [16]-[18]). The second part of the work discusses implementation of the above homeorhesis ODE model in terms of a special version [3] of APGKT (see above). The key feature of this version is that the components of a living population need not be discrete: the subdivision into the components is described with a general, continuous-discrete probability distribution (see also [6]). This enables certain properties of living matter noted in [15]. Moreover, the corresponding APGKT model presents a system of, firstly, a generalized kinetic equation for the conditional distribution function conditioned by the internal states of the population and, secondly, Ito's stochastic differential equations for these states. This treatement employs the results on nonstationary invariant diffusion stochastic processes [19]. The second part of the work also stresses that APGKT is substantially more important for the living-matter analysis than in the case of nonliving matter. One of the reasons is certain limitations in experimental sampling of the living-system modes presented with stochastic processes. A few directions for future research are suggested as well. REFERENCES: [1] Bellomo, N., Bellouquid, A. and Delitala, M., 2004, Mathematical topics on the modelling complex multicellular systems and tumor immune cells competition, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 14, 1683-1733. [2] Bellomo, N., 2006, New hot Paper Comments, Essential Science Indicators, http://www.esi-topics.com/nhp/2006 /may- 06-NicolaBellomo.html. [3] Willander, M., Mamontov, E. and Chiragwandi, Z., 2004, Modelling living fluids with the subdivision into the components in terms of probability distributions, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci. 14, 1495-1520. [4] Bellomo, N. and Maini, P.K., 2005, Preface and the Special Issue “Multiscale Cancer Modelling-A New Frontier in Applied Mathematics”, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 15, iii-viii. [5] De Angelis, E. and Delitala, M., 2006, Modelling complex systems in applied sciences: Methods and tools of the mathematical kinetic theory for active particles. Mathl Comput. Modelling, 43, 1310-1328. [6] Mamontov, E., Psiuk-Maksymowicz, K. and Koptioug, A., 2006, Stochastic mechanics in the context of the properties of living systems, Mathl Comput. Modelling, Article in Press, 13 pp. [7] Cannon, W.B., 1932, The Wisdom of the Body (New York: Norton). [8] Waddington, C.H., 1957, The Strategy of the Genes. A Discussion of Some Aspects of Theoretical Biology (London, George Allen and Unwin). [9] Waddington, C.H., 1968, Towards a theoretical biology, Nature, 218, 525-527. [10] Cotnoir, P.-A., 1981, La compétence environnementale: Une affaire d’adaptation. Séminaire en écologie behaviorale, Univeristé du Québec, Montralé. Available online at: http://pac.cam.org/culture.doc . [11] O’Neill, R.V., DeAngelis, D.L., Waide, J.B. and Allen, T.F.H., 1986, A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems, Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press). [12] Sauvant, D., 1992, La modélisation systémique en nutrition, Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 32, 217-230. [13] Christensen, N.L., Bartuska, A.M., Brown, J.H., Carpenter, S., D'Antonio, C., Francis, R., Franklin, J.F., MacMahon, J.A., Noss, R.F., Parsons, D.J., Peterson, C.H., Turner, M.G. and Woodmansee, R.G., 1996, The Report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management, Ecological Applications, 6, 665-691. Available online at: http://www.esa.org/pao/esaPositions/Papers/ReportOfSBEM.php. [14] Margulis, L., 1998, Symbiotic Planet. A New Look at Evolution (Amherst: Sciencewriters). [15] Hartwell, L.H., Hopfield, J.J., Leibler, S. and Murray, A.W., 1999, From molecular to modular cell biology, Nature, 402, C47-C52. [16] Mamontov, E., Koptioug, A.V. and Psiuk-Maksymowicz, K., 2006, The minimal, phase-transition model for the cell- number maintenance by the hyperplasia-extended homeorhesis, Acta Biotheoretica, 54, 44 pp., (no. 2, May-June, accepted). [17] Psiuk-Maksymowicz, K. and Mamontov, E., 2005, The time-slices method for rapid solving the Cauchy problem for nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations in the competition of homeorhesis with genotoxically activated hyperplasia, In: European Conference on Mathematical and Theoretical Biology - ECMTB05 (July 18-22, 2005) Book of Abstracts, Vol.1 (Dresden: Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Dresden Univ. Technol.), p. 429 (http://www.ecmtb05.org/). [18] Psiuk-Maksymowicz, K. and Mamontov, E., 2006, The homeorhesis-based modelling and fast numerical analysis for oncogenic hyperplasia under radiation therapy, submitted. [19] Mamontov, E., 2005, Nonstationary invariant distributions and the hydrodynamic-style generalization of the Kolmogorov-forward/Fokker-Planck equation, Appl. Math. Lett. 18 (9) 976-982.
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8.
  • Brundin, Peik M.A., et al. (författare)
  • Blood hormones and torque teno virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Elsevier. - 2405-8440. ; 6:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Men and women respond differently to infectious diseases. Women show less morbidity and mortality, partially due to the differences in sex hormone levels which can influence the immune response. Torque teno virus (TTV) is non-pathogenic and ubiquitously present in serum from a large proportion (up to 90%) of adult humans with virus levels correlating with the status of the host immune response. The source of TTV replication is unknown, but T-lymphocytes have been proposed. In this study we investigated the presence and levels of TTV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in premenopausal (pre-MP) women, post-menopausal (post-MP) women, and men, and determined their serum sex hormone levels. Of the examined subjects (n = 27), we found presence of TTV in PMBC from 17.6% pre-MP (n = 17), 25.0% post-MP (n = 4) and 50.0% men (n = 6). The levels of TTV/μg DNA were lower among TTV-positive men and post-MP women compared to pre-MP women. All the positive pre-MP women were either anovulatory, hypothyroid, or both. In addition, the TTV-positive pre-MP women had significantly lower progesterone levels compared to TTV-negative pre-MP women. Although our study was performed on a limited number of subjects, the data suggests that TTV in PBMC is associated with an anovulatory menstrual cycle with low progesterone levels, and possibly with male sex.
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9.
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10.
  • Mamontov, Eugen, 1955, et al. (författare)
  • Oncogenic hyperplasia caused by combination of various factors: A decision-support software for radionuclide therapy
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Workshop "Mathematical Modelling and Analysis of Cancer Invasion of Tissues", Mar 26, 2007 - Mar 30, 2007, Dundee, Scotland.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The present work deals with the software based on the PhasTraM model [1] for oncogenic hyperplasia, the first stage of formation of any solid tumor. The work generalizes the related results of [2]-[6] and discusses application of the software for decision support in radionuclide therapy. The software capabilities to allow for combinations of various causes of oncogeny are emphasized. The causes comprise inflammation, immune dysfunction, and chronic psychological stress. The immune dysfunction is represented with hypogammaglobulenimia expressed in terms of the concentration of the immunoglobulin-G molecules. The level of chronic pychological stress is described with the concentration of the interleukin-6 molecules. The work considers how application of the software can support decisions on the specific radionuclide-therapy setting depending on the tissue-, organ-, and patient-specific data. This is illustrated by a number of numerical-simulation results, also the ones which include the effects of common and fractionation-based radionuclide-therapy modalities. A proper attention is paid to how specifically the input data can be prepared by prospective users of the software, i.e. the specialists who apply radionuclide therapy. The work also formulates a few directions for future research in connection with the features of the everyday work of the prospective users. REFERENCES: [1] E. Mamontov, K. Psiuk-Maksymowicz, A. Koptioug, 2006, Stochastic mechanics in the context of the properties of living systems, Mathl Comput. Modelling, 44(7-8) 595-607. [2] E. Mamontov, A. V. Koptioug, K. Psiuk-Maksymowicz, 2006, The minimal, phase-transition model for the cell-number maintenance by the hyperplasia-extended homeorhesis, Acta Biotheoretica, 54(2) 61-101. [3] K. Psiuk-Maksymowicz and E. Mamontov, 2006, The homeorhesis-based modelling and fast numerical analysis for oncogenic hyperplasia under radiotherapy, Mathl Comput. Modelling, Special Issue
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