| 1. |
- Nijsingh, Niels, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Justifying Antibiotic Resistance Interventions: Uncertainty, Precaution and Ethics
- 2020
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Ingår i: Jamrozik E., Selgelid M.J. (eds) Ethics and Drug-Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer. - 2211-6680. - 9783030278731
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter charts and critically analyses the ethical challenge of assessing how much (and what kind of) evidence is required for the justification of interventions in response antibiotic resistance (ABR), as well as other major public health threats. Our ambition here is to identify and briefly discuss main issues, and point to ways in which these need to be further advanced in future research. This will result in a tentative map of complications, underlying problems and possible challenges. This map illustrates that the ethical challenges in this area are much more complex and profound than is usually acknowledged, leaving no tentatively plausible intervention package free of downsides. This creates potentially overwhelming theoretical conundrums when trying to justify what to do. We therefore end by pointing out two general features of the complexity we find to be of particular importance, and a tentative suggestion for how to create a theoretical basis for further analysis.
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| 2. |
- Schröder, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Intestinales Mikrobiom und Schleimhautbarriere bei chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen
- 2021
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Ingår i: Intestinales Mikrobiom und Innere Medizin. - : UNI-MED Verlag AG. - 9783837416053 ; , s. 46-55
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Das intestinale Mikrobiom repräsentiert aktuell eines der Topthemen, die im Fokus der modernen Humanmedizin stehen. Doch erstaunlicherweise gab es bisher im deutschen Sprachraum keine handliche, aktuelle Übersicht zu diesem Thema. Daher werden in diesem Band zunächst Zusammensetzung und Dynamik des humanen intestinalen Mikrobioms erläutert, ehe in weiteren Kapiteln dann die wichtigsten Veränderungen und vor allem die Rolle des Mikrobioms bei zahlreichen Krankheiten wie chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen, Reizdarmsyndrom, Leber- und Gallenwegs- sowie Autoimmunerkrankungen diskutiert werden. Es folgen der Komplex Ernährung, Adipositas und Diabetes sowie Atherosklerose mit jeweils eigenen Kapiteln. Schließlich gibt es überraschende Beziehungen der Mikrobiota zur Malignomentstehung. Es folgt ein Abschnitt über Antibiotika und deren Rolle bei zum Teil dauerhaften Störungen der intestinalen Bakterien und Pilze. Am Ende des Buches wird am Beispiel von Mikrobiomtransfer ("Stuhltransplantation") und Probiotika auf die therapeutischen Konsequenzen eingegangen. Alle Kapitel sind auch für sich lesbar und verständlich.
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| 3. |
- Costa, Tiago, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of Yersinia translocon pore formation in erythrocytes
- 2019
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Ingår i: Pathogenic Yersinia. - New York, NY, U.S.A. : Humana Press. - 9781493995400 ; , s. 211-229
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many Gram-negative pathogens produce a type III secretion system capable of intoxicating eukaryotic cells with immune-modulating effector proteins. Fundamental to this injection process is the prior secretion of two translocator proteins destined for injectisome translocon pore assembly within the host cell plasma membrane. It is through this pore that effectors are believed to travel to gain access to the host cell interior. Yersinia species especially pathogenic to humans and animals assemble this translocon pore utilizing two hydrophobic translocator proteins-YopB and YopD. Although a full molecular understanding of the biogenesis, function and regulation of this translocon pore and subsequent effector delivery into host cells remains elusive, some of what we know about these processes can be attributed to studies of bacterial infections of erythrocytes. Herein we describe the methodology of erythrocyte infections by Yersinia, and how analysis of the resultant contact-dependent hemolysis can serve as a relative measurement of YopB- and YopD-dependent translocon pore formation.
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| 4. |
- Nilsson Ekdahl, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the blood compatibility of materials, cells and tissues: Basic concepts, test models and practical guidelines
- 2013
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Ingår i: Complement Therapeutics. - Boston, MA : Springer. - 9781461441175 - 9781461441182 ; 735, s. 257-270
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medicine today uses a wide range of biomaterials, most of which make contact with blood permanently or transiently upon implantation. Contact between blood and nonbiological materials or cells or tissue of nonhematologic origin initiates activation of the cascade systems (complement, contact activation/coagulation) of the blood, which induces platelet and leukocyte activation.Although substantial progress regarding biocompatibility has been made, many materials and medical treatment procedures are still associated with severe side effects. Therefore, there is a great need for adequate models and guidelines for evaluating the blood compatibility of biomaterials. Due to the substantial amount of cross talk between the different cascade systems and cell populations in the blood, it is advisable to use an intact system for evaluation.Here, we describe three such in vitro models for the evaluation of the biocompatibility of materials and therapeutic cells and tissues. The use of different anticoagulants and specific inhibitors in order to be able to dissect interactions between the different cascade systems and cells of the blood is discussed. In addition, we describe two clinically relevant medical treatment modalities, the integration of titanium implants and transplantation of islets of Langerhans to patients with type 1 diabetes, whose mechanisms of action we have addressed using these in vitro models.
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| 5. |
- Schröder, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Intestinales Mikrobiom und Schleimhautbarriere
- 2021
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Ingår i: Intestinales Mikrobiom und Innere Medizin. - : UNI-MED Verlag AG. - 9783837416053 ; , s. 39-45
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Das intestinale Mikrobiom repräsentiert aktuell eines der Topthemen, die im Fokus der modernen Humanmedizin stehen. Doch erstaunlicherweise gab es bisher im deutschen Sprachraum keine handliche, aktuelle Übersicht zu diesem Thema. Daher werden in diesem Band zunächst Zusammensetzung und Dynamik des humanen intestinalen Mikrobioms erläutert, ehe in weiteren Kapiteln dann die wichtigsten Veränderungen und vor allem die Rolle des Mikrobioms bei zahlreichen Krankheiten wie chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen, Reizdarmsyndrom, Leber- und Gallenwegs- sowie Autoimmunerkrankungen diskutiert werden. Es folgen der Komplex Ernährung, Adipositas und Diabetes sowie Atherosklerose mit jeweils eigenen Kapiteln. Schließlich gibt es überraschende Beziehungen der Mikrobiota zur Malignomentstehung. Es folgt ein Abschnitt über Antibiotika und deren Rolle bei zum Teil dauerhaften Störungen der intestinalen Bakterien und Pilze. Am Ende des Buches wird am Beispiel von Mikrobiomtransfer (“Stuhltransplantation”) und Probiotika auf die therapeutischen Konsequenzen eingegangen. Alle Kapitel sind auch für sich lesbar und verständlich.
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| 6. |
- Larsson, D. G. Joakim, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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The environmental dimension of antibiotic resistance
- 2015
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Ingår i: Uppsala Health Summit - a world without antibiotics. Pre-conference report.. - : Uppsala Universitet. ; , s. 17-21, s. 17-21
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Walduck, A. K., et al.
(författare)
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Immunity and Vaccine Development Against Helicobacter pylori
- 2019
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Ingår i: Advances in experimental medicine and biology. - Cham : Springer. - 0065-2598. - 9783030219154 ; , s. 257-275
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Helicobacter pylori is a highly-adapted gastrointestinal pathogen of humans and the immunology of this chronic infection is extremely complex. Despite the availability of antibiotic therapy, the global incidence of H. pylori infection remains high, particularly in low to middle-income nations. Failure of therapy and the spread of antibiotic resistance among the bacteria are significant problems and provide impetus for the development of new therapies and vaccines to treat or prevent gastric ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. The expansion of knowledge on gastric conventional and regulatory T cell responses, and the role of TH17 in chronic gastritis from studies in mouse models and patients have provided valuable insights into how gastritis is initiated and maintained. The development of human challenge models for testing candidate vaccines has meant a unique opportunity to study acute infection, but the field of vaccine development has not progressed as rapidly as anticipated. One clear lesson learned from previous studies is that we need a better understanding of the immune suppressive mechanisms in vivo to be able to design vaccine strategies. There is still an urgent need to identify practical surrogate markers of protection that could be deployed in future field vaccine trials. Important developments in our understanding of the chronic inflammatory response, progress and problems arising from human studies, and an outlook for the future of clinical vaccine trials will be discussed.
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| 9. |
- Francis, Matthew, 1969-
(författare)
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Secretion systems and metabolism in the pathogenic Yersiniae
- 2011. - 1
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Ingår i: Stress response in pathogenic bacteria. - United Kingdom : CAB International. - 978 1 84593 760 7 ; , s. 185-220
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The genus Yersinia comprises 11 species, three of which have clear etiology for causing human disease (Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica). The obligate pathogen Y. pestis is the most infamous of these being the causal agent of plague, a bivalent disease that when left untreated is invariably fatal. The lifecycle of Y. pestis is complex, being dependent on two diverse hosts – the invertebrate flea Xenopsylla cheopis and a mammalian host (usually wild rodents). Although capable of catastrophic consequences, plague in humans is accidental – a consequence of being infected with Y. pestis via the bite of an infected flea that has been forced from its normal rodent host. In brief, the initial stage of disease presents as swollen lymph nodes (buboes) and is termed bubonic plague, whereas the second stage is a more vigorous systemic infection that results in bacterial colonization of multiple tissue organs including the lung. This form of disease is termed pneumonic plague; a highly contagious disease that enables bacteria to rapidly and effectively spread to new hosts via aerosol droplets. In light of this, global health organizations routinely list Y. pestis as a category A biowarfare agent. On the other hand, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica are essentially environmental bacteria that are capable of causing spasmodic enteric disease (known as yersiniosis) outbreaks linked to the ingestion of contaminated food or fluids. While these diseases cause gastrointestinal discomfort, they are usually self-limiting and rarely associated with systemic disease. In certain susceptible individuals however, chronic reactive arthritic sequelae can be attributed to these bacteria. On account of their ability to cause human disease, a prolific amount of information is available that describes these three human pathogens with respect to their ecology, epidemiology and the pathogenesis of disease. In contrast, very little information is available concerning the additional Yersinia species (Y. frederiksenii, Y. intermedia, Y. kristensenii, Y. bercovieri, Y. mollaretii, Y. rohdei, Y. ruckeri, Y. aleksiciae, Y. mexicana and Y. aldovae). However, they might still be clinically relevant given their propensity to harbour a moderate number of genes that encode for products known to be associated with pathogenicity by other non-Yersinia bacteria. It is at least well established that Y. ruckeri is the causative agent of yersiniosis in infected salmonid fish, although the pathogenic mechanisms are comparatively poorly understood. In the first part of this chapter, the presence of known and suggested protein secretion mechanisms in the Yersiniae are described. Where appropriate, these individual processes are briefly discussed in the context of their contribution to bacterial pathogenesis to help the reader gain an understanding of their physiological importance within the various unique environments of an infected host. As considerably more is known about the pathogenic mechanisms of human pathogenic Yersinia, these examples will dominate the discussion. Then, focus will turn to the consequences of adaptation of pathogenic Yersinia to their surrounding environment. Where possible, emphasis will be given to the crosstalk between metabolism and the temporal and spatial regulatory control of these important secretion systems. This connection ensures that Yersinia conserve their valuable energy reserves to maximize their survival in stressful environments and only synthesize energetically expensive virulence determinants, such as multi-component secretion systems, when they will have utmost benefit during host infections.
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| 10. |
- Svanborg, Catharina, et al.
(författare)
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Adhesion, signal transduction and mucosal inflammation
- 2002
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Ingår i: Bacterial Adhesion to Host Tissues. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9780521801072 - 0521801079 ; , s. 223-246
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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