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Sökning: AMNE:(NATURAL SCIENCES Physical Sciences) > Forskningsöversikt

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1.
  • Hyvonen, R., et al. (författare)
  • The likely impact of elevated [CO2], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: a literature review
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: New Phytologist. - Cambridge : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 173:3, s. 463-480
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Temperate and boreal forest ecosystems contain a large part of the carbon stored on land, in the form of both biomass and soil organic matter. Increasing atmospheric [CO2], increasing temperature, elevated nitrogen deposition and intensified management will change this C store. Well documented single-factor responses of net primary production are: higher photosynthetic rate (the main [CO2] response); increasing length of growing season (the main temperature response); and higher leaf-area index (the main N deposition and partly [CO2] response). Soil organic matter will increase with increasing litter input, although priming may decrease the soil C stock initially, but litter quality effects should be minimal (response to [CO2], N deposition, and temperature); will decrease because of increasing temperature; and will increase because of retardation of decomposition with N deposition, although the rate of decomposition of high-quality litter can be increased and that of low-quality litter decreased. Single-factor responses can be misleading because of interactions between factors, in particular those between N and other factors, and indirect effects such as increased N availability from temperature-induced decomposition. In the long term the strength of feedbacks, for example the increasing demand for N from increased growth, will dominate over short-term responses to single factors. However, management has considerable potential for controlling the C store.
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2.
  • Lestinsky, M., et al. (författare)
  • Physics book: CRYRING@ESR
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: European Physical Journal: Special Topics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1951-6401 .- 1951-6355. ; 225:5, s. 797-882
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The exploration of the unique properties of stored and cooled beams of highly-charged ions as provided by heavy-ion storage rings has opened novel and fascinating research opportunities in the realm of atomic and nuclear physics research. Since the late 1980s, pioneering work has been performed at the CRYRING at Stockholm (Abrahamsson et al. 1993) and at the Test Storage Ring (TSR) at Heidelberg (Baumann et al. 1988). For the heaviest ions in the highest charge-states, a real quantum jump was achieved in the early 1990s by the commissioning of the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) at GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt (Franzke 1987) where challenging experiments on the electron dynamics in the strong field regime as well as nuclear physics studies on exotic nuclei and at the borderline to atomic physics were performed. Meanwhile also at Lanzhou a heavy-ion storage ring has been taken in operation, exploiting the unique research opportunities in particular for medium-heavy ions and exotic nuclei (Xia et al. 2002).
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3.
  • Rupert, Deborah, 1986, et al. (författare)
  • Methods for the physical characterization and quantification of extracellular vesicles in biological samples
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-8006 .- 0304-4165. ; Epub ahead of print:1, s. 3164-3179
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND:Our body fluids contain a multitude of cell-derived vesicles, secreted by most cell types, commonly referred to as extracellular vesicles. They have attracted considerable attention for their function as intercellular communication vehicles in a broad range of physiological processes and pathological conditions. Extracellular vesicles and especially the smallest type, exosomes, have also generated a lot of excitement in view of their potential as disease biomarkers or as carriers for drug delivery. In this context, state-of-the-art techniques capable of comprehensively characterizing vesicles in biological fluids are urgently needed.SCOPE OF REVIEW:This review presents the arsenal of techniques available for quantification and characterization of physical properties of extracellular vesicles, summarizes their working principles, discusses their advantages and limitations and further illustrates their implementation in vesicle research.MAJOR CONCLUSIONS:The small size and physicochemical heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles make their physical characterization and quantification an extremely challenging task. Currently, structure, size, buoyant density, optical properties and zeta potential have most commonly been studied. The concentration of vesicles in suspension can be expressed in terms of biomolecular or particle content depending on the method at hand. In addition, common quantification methods may either provide a direct quantitative measurement of vesicle concentration or solely allow for relative comparison between samples.GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE:The combination of complementary methods capable of detecting, characterizing and quantifying extracellular vesicles at a single particle level promises to provide new exciting insights into their modes of action and to reveal the existence of vesicle subpopulations fulfilling key biological tasks.
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4.
  • Barnes, Paul W., et al. (författare)
  • Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Nature Sustainability. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2398-9629. ; 2:7, s. 569-579
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • © 2019, Springer Nature Limited. Changes in stratospheric ozone and climate over the past 40-plus years have altered the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions at the Earth’s surface. Ozone depletion has also contributed to climate change across the Southern Hemisphere. These changes are interacting in complex ways to affect human health, food and water security, and ecosystem services. Many adverse effects of high UV exposure have been avoided thanks to the Montreal Protocol with its Amendments and Adjustments, which have effectively controlled the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. This international treaty has also played an important role in mitigating climate change. Climate change is modifying UV exposure and affecting how people and ecosystems respond to UV; these effects will become more pronounced in the future. The interactions between stratospheric ozone, climate and UV radiation will therefore shift over time; however, the Montreal Protocol will continue to have far-reaching benefits for human well-being and environmental sustainability.
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5.
  • Aalbers, J., et al. (författare)
  • A next-generation liquid xenon observatory for dark matter and neutrino physics
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0954-3899 .- 1361-6471. ; 50:1
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for weakly interacting massive particles, while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector.
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6.
  • Andersson, David A., et al. (författare)
  • First-principles based calculation of binary and multicomponent phase diagrams for titanium carbonitride
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Calphad. - : Elsevier BV. - 0364-5916 .- 1873-2984. ; 32:3, s. 543-565
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this paper we have used a combined first principles and Calphad approach to calculate phase diagrams in the titanium-carbon-nitrogen system, with particular focus on the vacancy-induced ordering of the substoichiometric carbonitride phase, TiCxNy (x + y <= 1). Results from earlier Monte Carlo simulations of the low-temperature binary phase diagrams are used in order to formulate sublattice models for TiCxNy within the compound energy formalism (CEF) that are capable of describing both the low temperature ordered and the high-temperature disordered state. We parameterize these models using first-principles calculations and then we demonstrate how they can be merged with thermodynamic descriptions of the remaining Ti-C-N phases that are derived within the Calphad method by fitting model parameters to experimental data. We also discuss structural and electronic properties of the ordered end-member compounds, as well as short range order effects in the TiCxNy phase.
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7.
  • Aad, G., et al. (författare)
  • The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:S08003
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The ATLAS detector as installed in its experimental cavern at point 1 at CERN is described in this paper. A brief overview of the expected performance of the detector when the Large Hadron Collider begins operation is also presented.
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8.
  • Korten, W., et al. (författare)
  • Physics opportunities with the Advanced Gamma Tracking Array : AGATA
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: European Physical Journal A. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6001 .- 1434-601X. ; 56:5
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • New physics opportunities are opening up by the Advanced Gamma Tracking Array, AGATA, as it evolves to the full 4 pi instrument. AGATA is a high-resolution gamma -ray spectrometer, solely built from highly segmented high-purity Ge detectors, capable of measuring gamma rays from a few tens of keV to beyond 10 MeV, with unprecedented efficiency, excellent position resolution for individual gamma -ray interactions, and very high count-rate capability. As a travelling detector AGATA will be employed at all major current and near-future European research facilities delivering stable and radioactive ion beams.
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9.
  • Betti, M. G., et al. (författare)
  • A design for an electromagnetic filter for precision energy measurements at the tritium endpoint
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0146-6410 .- 1873-2224. ; 106, s. 120-131
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present a detailed description of the electromagnetic filter for the PTOLEMY project to directly detect the Cosmic Neutrino Background (CNB). Starting with an initial estimate for the orbital magnetic moment, the higher-order drift process of E x B is configured to balance the gradient-B drift motion of the electron in such a way as to guide the trajectory into the standing voltage potential along the mid-plane of the filter. As a function of drift distance along the length of the filter, the filter zooms in with exponentially increasing precision on the transverse velocity component of the electron kinetic energy. This yields a linear dimension for the total filter length that is exceptionally compact compared to previous techniques for electromagnetic filtering. The parallel velocity component of the electron kinetic energy oscillates in an electrostatic harmonic trap as the electron drifts along the length of the filter. An analysis of the phase-space volume conservation validates the expected behavior of the filter from the adiabatic invariance of the orbital magnetic moment and energy conservation following Liouville's theorem for Hamiltonian systems.
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10.
  • French, Roger H., et al. (författare)
  • Long range interactions in nanoscale science
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Reviews of Modern Physics. - 0034-6861. ; 82:2, s. 1887-1944
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Our understanding of the “long range” electrodynamic, electrostatic, and polar interactions that dominate the organization of small objects at separations beyond an interatomic bond length is reviewed. From this basic-forces perspective, a large number of systems are described from which one can learn about these organizing forces and how to modulate them. The many practical systems that harness these nanoscale forces are then surveyed. The survey reveals not only the promise of new devices and materials, but also the possibility of designing them more effectively.
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