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- Anderbrant, Olle, et al.
(författare)
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Release of sex pheromone and its precursors in the pine sawfly Diprion pini (Hym., Diprionidae)
- 2005
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Ingår i: Chemoecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0937-7409 .- 1423-0445. ; 15:3, s. 147-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first identification of a sex pheromone of a pine sawfly (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae) dates back almost thirty years. Since then, female-produced pheromones of over twenty diprionid species have been investigated by solvent extraction followed by separation and identification. However, no study has shown what the females actually release. Collection of airborne compounds using absorbtion on charcoal filter as well as solid phase microextraction (SPME) followed by analysis employing gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealed an unusual system in Diprion pini, in which the pheromone precursor alcohol, 3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol, is released together with acetic, propionic, butyric and isobutyric acids. The corresponding acetate, propionate and butyrate esters of 3,7-dimethyl-2-tridecanol were also found in the samples. All esters were electrophysiologically active, and the propionate and isobutyrate were attractive in trapping experiments. Based on these and earlier reported results, it seems that at least in part of its range, the pheromone response of D. pini is not very specific with regard to the functional group, as long as this is an ester.
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| 6. |
- Berglund, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal variation of wood-fungi diversity in boreal old-growth forests: Implications for monitoring
- 2005
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Ingår i: Ecological Applications. - : Wiley. - 1051-0761 .- 1939-5582. ; 15:3, s. 970-982
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Monitoring programs that supply reliable and sufficient information on numbers and types of organisms are essential for following changes in biodiversity. In boreal Fennoscandia, forest-dwelling species are threatened in managed forest landscapes and, thus, are of particular concern for conservation strategies. Wood fungi represent key ecological components in the boreal forest that are sensitive to forestry and widely used as indicators in large-scale forest inventories for identifying valuable forest habitats. Knowledge of their natural dynamics is required for designing monitoring programs to assess the adequacy of conservation strategies. We studied the occurrence of corticoids (Corticiaceae) and polypores (Polyporaceae) over time at different spatial scales in unexploited boreal old-growth forests. Data from 70 downed logs followed during an eight-year period showed that the lifespan of fruit bodies of most species was shorter than four years. Even perennial species followed this pattern, although fruit bodies of some species (e.g., Phellinus spp.) remained vital throughout the eight years studied. Both species richness and species composition on individual logs changed markedly over the eight years due to deterministic succession of species paralleling the wood decay. By contrast, data from the stand scale, i.e., seven 0.1-ha plots, showed that species richness and species composition of polypores did not undergo any major changes during a six-year period. A majority of all recorded polypore species (80%) were already present at the first inventory. However, although species richness remained constant at the stand scale, corticoid species composition differed between years, reflecting their short-lived, annual fruit bodies. This study suggests that monitoring should be performed at stand scale and focus on species with durable fruit bodies, e.g., polypores. This will provide data that can be used both to detect future changes in biodiversity in old-growth spruce forests and to evaluate conservation strategies.
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| 7. |
- Borrero, Felipe, et al.
(författare)
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Yeast Volatomes Differentially Affect Larval Feeding in an Insect Herbivore
- 2019
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Ingår i: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. - 0099-2240 .- 1098-5336. ; 85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Yeasts form mutualistic interactions with insects. Hallmarks of this interaction include provision of essential nutrients, while insects facilitate yeast dispersal and growth on plant substrates. A phylogenetically ancient chemical dialogue coordinates this interaction, where the vocabulary, the volatile chemicals that mediate the insect response, remains largely unknown. Here, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, followed by hierarchical cluster and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analyses, to profile the volatomes of six Metschnikowia spp., Cryptococcus nemorosus, and brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The yeasts, which are all found in association with insects feeding on foliage or fruit, emit characteristic, species-specific volatile blends that reflect the phylogenetic context. Species specificity of these volatome profiles aligned with differential feeding of cotton leafworm (Spodoprera littoralis) larvae on these yeasts. Bioactivity correlates with yeast ecology; phylloplane species elicited a stronger response than fruit yeasts, and larval discrimination may provide a mechanism for establishment of insect-yeast associations. The yeast volatomes contained a suite of insect attractants known from plant and especially floral headspace, including (Z)-hexenyl acetate, ethyl (2E,4Z)-deca-2,4-dienoate (pear ester), (3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT), linalool, alpha-terpineol, beta-myrcene, or (E,E)-alpha-farnesene. A wide overlap of yeast and plant volatiles, notably floral scents, further emphasizes the prominent role of yeasts in plant-microbe-insect relationships, including pollination. The knowledge of insect-yeast interactions can be readily brought to practical application, as live yeasts or yeast metabolites mediating insect attraction provide an ample tool-box for the development of sustainable insect management.IMPORTANCE Yeasts interface insect herbivores with their food plants. Communication depends on volatile metabolites, and decoding this chemical dialogue is key to understanding the ecology of insect-yeast interactions. This study explores the volatomes of eight yeast species which have been isolated from foliage, from flowers or fruit, and from plant-feeding insects. These yeasts each release a rich bouquet of volatile metabolites, including a suite of known insect attractants from plant and floral scent. This overlap underlines the phylogenetic dimension of insect-yeast associations, which according to the fossil record long predate the appearance of flowering plants. Volatome composition is characteristic for each species, aligns with yeast taxonomy, and is further reflected by a differential behavioral response of cotton leafworm larvae, which naturally feed on foliage of a wide spectrum of broad-leaved plants. Larval discrimination may establish and maintain associations with yeasts and is also a substrate for designing sustainable insect management techniques.
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- Dahlberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Vedlevande arters ekologi : kunskaper för skötsel av död ved
- 2005
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Ingår i: Död ved i levande skogar. - Stockholm : Naturvårdsverket. - 9162054139 ; , s. 110-
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Betydelsen av död ved i skogen för biologisk mångfald är väl dokumenterad. Sveriges riksdag har fastställt 15 miljömål och varje mål är uppdelat i flera delmål. I ett av dessa mål, Levande skogar, konstateras att kvantiteten av hård död ved måste öka med åtminstone 40 procent i hela landet och betydligt mer i områden, där biologisk mångfald är speciellt hotad. Men än så länge finns inget detaljerat långsiktigt mål. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka: 1. Vilken kvalitet och kvantitet av död ved behövs i skogen för att bevara mångfalden? 2. Var i landskapet är det viktigast att öka mängden död ved? 3. Hur når vi målet? Arbetet har baserats på litteraturöversikter och frågeformulär till markägare, avverkningsentreprenörer och tjänstemän inom skogsnäringen. Olika scenarier baserade på litteraturgranskningen framställdes via datorsimulationer, där mängden och spridningen av död ved varierade med en beräknad ökningstakt. Utifrån dessa studier kan vi dra följande slutsatser: 1. Somliga arter är specialiserade och kräver ett rikligt utbud av död ved (50 m3/ha eller mer). Dessa arter kan endast bevaras i skyddade områden. 2. Brukade skogar utanför skyddade områden med 20 m3 död ved/ha tycks vara högkvalitativa habitat för många arter. 3. I områden dominerade av skog bör sådana habitat täcka mellan 10 och 30 procent av landskapet. 4. Dessa områden bör lokaliseras i anslutning till skyddade områden och områden med sällsynta arter. 5. Om den här strategin antas, kommer medelvärdet för hela Sverige vara 10 m3 död ved/ha. 6. För att kunna nå det målet 2030 måste mängden död ved öka med 40 procent varje årtionde (vilket innebär en exponentiell ökning). 7. Men ännu viktigare än att nå ett visst medelvärde för hela Sverige är, att så snabbt som möjligt öka förekomsten av död ved i anslutning till områden med hotade arter. 8. Det gäller att så snabbt som möjligt identifiera dessa hotade områden/ biotoper och för det ändamålet behöver regionala bristanalyser tas fram. 9. Men död ved behövs även utanför speciellt rika områden, som en resurs för kommande generationer samt som spridningskorridor mellan olika “hot-spots”. Där kan mängden död ved vara mindre och ökningsgraden lägre. 10. Förutom ökningen av död ved är det viktigt med en större variation av olika kvaliteter samt en kontinuerlig tillförsel. 11. Att öka mängden död ved snabbt i hotade områden (hot-spots) enbart med hjälp av frivilliga åtgärder, kommer troligen att bli svårt. Därför kan olika nya slags politiska åtgärder vara nödvändiga (såsom ekonomisk kompensation). 12. För att definiera målet mer i detalj, behövs mer kunskap om den kritiska tröskeln, spridningsmöjligheter, habitat och substratanspråk samt populationsbiologi för några arter.
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| 10. |
- Edman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Fungi and wind strongly influence the temporal availability of logs in an old-growth spruce forest
- 2007
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Ingår i: Ecological Applications. - : Wiley. - 1051-0761 .- 1939-5582. ; 17:2, s. 482-490
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coarse woody debris (CWD) is a key habitat for many species in forest ecosystems. To ensure the long-term survival of such species, forest management regimes must include measures that promote dead wood dynamics similar to those of natural forests. Thus, information on CWD dynamics under natural conditions is required, including data pertaining to the underlying agents of disturbance. This study examines modes of mortality, decay rates, and temporal patterns in the availability of Picea abies logs in a Swedish old-growth forest affected by internal, small-scale disturbance. All 684 logs in a 6.6-ha plot were mapped and classified into one of six decay classes. Logs in the early stages of decay were examined for the presence of heart-rot fungi. Six years later all logs were re-inventoried, including newly formed logs. Matrix models based on the transition rates between decay classes showed that it took about 60 years for 90% of the logs to decay beyond class 6 (a deformed trunk with soft wood). Large logs (≥26 cm) decayed 40% more slowly than small logs (≤25 cm). The initial volume of logs was 37.6 m3/ha but increased to 44.8 m 3/ha after six years. In addition, there was a large shift in the decay-class distribution. The volume of logs in early and late decay classes increased by 71% and 45%, respectively, while the volume of logs in the intermediate decay classes decreased by 32%. The fluctuations appear to result from pulses in mortality, driven by a combination of strong winds and the heart-rot fungus, Phellinus chrysoloma, which was present in more than 30% of all logs at an early stage of decay. These results show that large temporal fluctuations in dead wood also occur in the absence of large-scale disturbance, and that heart-rot fungi are important factors driving the overall dynamics of dead wood. Since many wood-inhabiting species are naturally rare and have very specific substrate demands, such temporal variability in dead wood availability may have effects on biodiversity and should be taken into account when designing small, protected forest areas.
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