| 1. |
- Green, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Häckande fåglar i Värmlands län : Trender för arter samt miljöindikatorer baserade på standardrutter och nattrutter
- 2020
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Systemet med systematiskt utlagda standardrutter utgör ryggraden i den generella nationella och regionala miljöövervakningen av fåglar. I Värmlands län återfinns 34 av landets 716 standardrutter (knappt 5 %). I denna rapport redovisas utvecklingen för länets generella fågelfauna under perioden 1998–2019, även om vi också redovisar trender för perioderna 2002–2019 och 2010–2019. Den förstnämnda perioden är den längsta möjliga som vi kan beräkna trender för. Trenderna från 2002 och framåt täcker den period när vi har bättre årlig regional täckning generellt i landet. Den avslutande perioden täcker de senaste tio åren och används för att visa hur det går just nu, eller snarare hur det har gått i det allra senaste.Under 2010-talet har täckningen av länets standardrutter varit mycket god och motsvarande 62–100 % (medel 81 %) av de regionala rutterna har inventerats årligen. Detta är en lämplig fortsatt ambitionsnivå för att kunna ha en god övervakning av länets allmänna fåglar. Den goda täckningen av länet är helt beroende av att Länsstyrelsen och Naturvårdsverket finansierar fältinsatserna. Ungefär hälften av den årliga inventeringsinsatsen i länet bekostas av Länsstyrelsen och den andra hälften direkt av centrala anslag från Naturvårdsverket.Med startår 1998 är det 79 arter som setts näst intill årligen (minst 20 av 22 år) på länets standardrutter. Av dessa ökade 19 arter (24 %) och minskade 15 arter (19 %) säkert i antal. 25 arter (32 %) uppvisade stabila bestånd och för 20 arter (25 %) var utvecklingen osäker. Sett enbart till trendernas riktning, oavsett statistisk säkerhet, var det en övervikt (61 %) för arter med positiv trendriktning.Från 2002 är det 87 arter som bokförts på Värmlands standardrutter under nästan alla år (minst 16 av 18 år). Från detta startår var det övergripande mönstret mera negativt; bara sex arter (7 %) ökade medan 15 (17 %) minskade säkert i antal. 25 arter (29 %) hade stabila bestånd och för 41 arter (47 %) var utvecklingen osäker. Om vi enbart ser till trendriktningarna, oavsett statistisk säkerhet, var det under denna period en övervikt (62 %) för negativa trendriktningar, vilket förstärker bilden av ett mer negativt mönster från 2002–2019 än 1998–2019.De senaste tio åren (2010–2019) har 105 arter setts nära nog årligen (minst åtta av tio år) på standardrutterna i Värmlands län. Under denna korta period har pendeln svängt tillbaka åt det positiva hållet igen. I korttidsperspektivet är det 19 arter (18 %) som uppvisar säkra ökningar och blott två arter (2 %) med säkra minskningar. Sex arter (6 %) har haft stabila bestånd de senaste tio åren och för 78 arter (74 %) är beståndsutvecklingen osäker under denna period. Här måste en komma ihåg att den korta tidsperioden gör det svårare att få fram statistiskt säkra resultat. Därmed är det ofrånkomligt att andelen osäkra resultat är hög. Återigen var det nu en övervikt (64 %) av positiva trendriktningar om vi bortser från statistisk säkerhet och enbart tittar på själva riktningarna. Sedan 2011 har 17 olika nattrutter inventerats i Värmlands län, men det är enbart de fyra senaste åren, 2016–2019, som ett högre antal nattrutter har inventerats årligen. Detta tack vare Länsstyrelsens engagemang med att hitta lokala inventerare till länets nattrutter. Under dessa år har 12–16 rutter (medel 14) inventerats per år. Det är därför för denna väldigt korta period som vi redovisar lite mer detaljerade nattruttsresultat. Baserat på nattruttsdata presenterar vi utvecklingen för 33 utvalda fågel- och elva däggdjursarter som noterats på rutterna under minst två av de senaste fyra åren. Här ingår exempelvis sju olika ugglearter. Inga djupare slutsatser ska såklart dras från en så kort period som enbart fyra år, men vi kan konstatera att fyra ugglearter har bokförts årligen i länet. Dessa är katt-, slag-, horn- och pärluggla. För kattuggla är Värmlands län ett av de som hittills uppvisat de högsta noterade antalen per rutt. Vi kan också konstatera 2017 av allt att döma var ett gott gnagarår med goda registrerade uggleantal. En annan intressant nattaktiv fågelart är nattskärran, och precis som i landet i stort förefaller det gå bra för den arten i Värmland just nu. Flertalet bokförda däggdjursarter uppvisar positiva mönster på länets nattrutter under de senaste fyra åren.Indikatorer, gemensamma trender för grupper av fåglar, visar generellt sett på få statistiskt säkra förändringar i Värmlands län under perioden 2002–2019. I skogen finns tecken på en positiv utveckling, mest så under de allra senaste tio åren, men utan statistisk säkerhet. Mest positiv är till synes utvecklingen för fågelarter knutna till äldre skog. Även om statistiskt säkra resultat saknas så antyder mönstren i Värmlands län en betydligt mer positiv regional utveckling än den som finns för landet som helhet.Indikatorerna för odlingslandskapet visar på säkra minskningar över hela perioden 2002–2019, precis som i landet i stort. De senaste tio åren finns inga säkra förändringar, men dock små tecken på en regional uppgång. Dessa tecken är klart starkare i Värmlands län än i Sverige totalt sett.När det gäller våtmarker uppvisar de regionala indikatorerna tydligt positiva mönster som dock inte är statistiskt säkerställda. Tydligast positiva är trenderna under de senaste tio åren. Utvecklingen i Värmlands län är till synes mer positiv än den i hela Sverige. För sjöar och vattendrag har läget varit stabilt sett över hela perioden 2002–2019. Ett svagt positivt mönster finns för de senaste tio åren. I hela Sverige finns en säker ökning i korttidsperspektivet.De två indikatorerna som kopplar till biologisk mångfald i stort ger delvis lite olika utfall för Värmlands län, även om skillnaderna egentligen inte är så stora. En ena visar på en säker minskning över hela perioden 2002–2019, vilken den andra inte gör. Bakom detta finns för båda ett negativt mönster för hela perioden och ett lite positivt sådant för de senaste tio åren. På en generell nivå stämmer detta med hur det ser upp på nationell nivå. Där finns en statistiskt säker minskning för hela perioden men en lika säker ökning de senaste tio åren.Indikatorn som kopplar till effekterna av klimatförändring visar att det värmländska fågelsamhället har blivit ”varmare” under de senaste 18 åren. Detta innebär arter med varmare utbredningsområden relativt sett har haft en mer positiv utveckling än arter med kallare utbredningsområden. Med andra ord kan vi redan nu se att den värmländska fågelfaunan förändrats i takt med ett allt varmare klimat.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, G., et al.
(författare)
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Arthropod populations in a sub-arctic environment facing climate change over a half-century: variability but no general trend
- 2022
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Ingår i: Insect Conservation and Diversity. - : Wiley. - 1752-458X .- 1752-4598. ; 15:5, s. 534-542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dramatic declines of some arthropod populations have recently received a lot of attention. Identified declines have mainly been attributed to changes in agriculture, climate, pathogen prevalence and light pollution, as well as cross-regional effects of, e.g., drifting pesticides. However, the overall picture is complex and debated, and there is a need for systematically collected long-term data, not least from areas relatively unaffected by humans. We monitored the abundance of arthropods (mainly insects) in subalpine birch forest in Swedish Lapland over a period of 53 years (1968-2020), in an area comparatively unaffected by human activities. Arthropod abundance was assessed by yearly systematic counts on 24,000 birch shoots, in the second half of June. Animals were categorised into 17 different groups directly upon counting, dependent on taxonomy and life stage (imago, larva). Overall, there was no significant change in arthropod numbers. Nor did estimates of the total biomass of arthropods (using group-specific indices of the mass of individuals) show any significant trend. Accordingly, there are no signs that the arthropod abundance or biomass on birch in this subarctic study site has gone through the same declines as have been reported from sites in other habitats. The reason may be that the impact of factors identified worldwide as drivers of arthropod declines so far are small or non-existent because of the low human population density in this area.
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| 3. |
- Hasselquist, Dennis, et al.
(författare)
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Long flights do not influence immune responses of a long-distance migrant bird: a wind-tunnel experiment
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 1477-9145 .- 0022-0949. ; 210:7, s. 1123-1131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heavy physical work can result in physiological stress and suppressed immune function. Accordingly, long-distance migrant birds that fly for thousands of km within days can be expected to show immunosuppression, and hence be more vulnerable to infections en route. The red knot Calidris canutus Linnaeus is a long-distance migrant shorebird. We flew red knots the equivalent of 1500 km over 6 days in a wind tunnel. The humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of the flyers were compared to those of non-flying controls. Humoral immunity was measured as antibody production against injected diphtheria and tetanus antigens, and cell-mediated response as phytohemagglutinin-induced wing-web swelling. Blood corticosterone levels, which may modulate immune function, were measured in parallel. The long flights had no detectable effects on humoral or cell-mediated immune responses, or on corticosterone levels. Thus, flight performance per se may not be particularly stressful or immunosuppressive in red knots. Some birds assigned as flyers refused to fly for extended periods. Before flights started, these non-flyers had significantly lower antibody responses against tetanus than the birds that carried out the full flight program. This suggests that only birds in good physical condition may be willing to take on heavy exercise. We conclude that these long-distance migrants appear well adapted to the work load induced by long flights, enabling them to cope with long flight distances without increased stress levels and suppression of immunity. Whether this also applies in the wild, where the migrating birds may face adverse weather and food conditions, remains to be investigated.
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| 4. |
- Hellgren, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Population structure and migratory directions of Scandinavian bluethroats (Luscinia svecica) -a molecular, morphological and stable isotope analysis
- 2008
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Ingår i: Ecography. - : Wiley. - 1600-0587 .- 0906-7590. ; 31:1, s. 95-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedMany species of birds show evidence of secondary contact zones and subspeciation in their Scandinavian distribution range, presumably resulting from different post-glacial recolonization routes. We investigated whether this is the case also in the Scandinavian bluethroat Luscinia svecica, a species that has been suggested to consist of two separate populations: one SW-migrating and long-winged (L. s. gaetkei) breeding in southern Norway, and one shorter-winged ESE-migrating (L. s. svecica) in northern Scandinavia. We sampled males at eleven breeding sites from southern Norway to northernmost Sweden. There were no morphological differences or latitudinal trends within the sample, neither were there any genetic differences or latitudinal trends as measured by variation in AFLP and microsatellite markers. Stable isotope ratios of throat feathers moulted on the wintering grounds showed no, or possibly marginal differences between birds from southern Norway and northern Sweden. We also re-measured old museum skins that in previous studies were classified as L. s. gaetkei, and found marginally longer wings in birds from the southern part of the Scandinavian breeding range. The difference, however, was much smaller than proposed in earlier studies. We conclude that there is no evidence of a genetic population structure among Scandinavian bluethroats that would suggest the presence of a zone of secondary contact. Finally we discuss whether the presumed subspecies gaetkei ever existed.
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| 5. |
- Helseth, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Southward migration and fuel deposition of Red Knots Calidris canutus
- 2005
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Ingår i: Ardea. - 0373-2266. ; 93:2, s. 213-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We compared the differences between spring and autumn in migration speed, fuelling rates and fuel loads of migrating Red Knots Calidris canutus. As a basis we used ringing data from Ottenby Bird Observatory, southeastern Sweden, collected 1948–2003, with morphometrical data from 1990–2003. Numbers ringed varied between 0 and 301 per year (average 56). Morphometrics, recoveries and recaptures of ringed birds indicated that most birds belonged to the Afro-Siberian subspecies C. c. canutus, possibly mixed with some Nearctic Red Knots C. c. islandica. Median trapping dates were 5 August (adults) and 31 August (juveniles). Mean body masses were low and almost equal for adults (111.8 g) and juveniles (111.4 g). The mean estimated fuel loads were 13–14% of lean body mass (LBM). In juveniles fuel loads increased with date. Among the few birds stopping over for longer than one day (2% of adults, 14% of juveniles), adult birds stayed on average 2.5 days and juveniles 3.4 days, with an overall average fuel deposition rate of 2.8% of LBM d–1. The autumn migration speed was estimated from ringing recoveries at 86 km d–1, which equals the speed of spring migration calculated from published information. The observed fuelling rate was as high as that of Red Knots at major spring stopover sites. We conclude that migration in autumn is as fast as in spring, although the generally small fuel loads indicate that migration is carried out in much smaller steps.
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| 6. |
- Jenni-Eiermann, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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Are birds stressed during long-term flights? A wind-tunnel study on circulating corticosterone in the red knot
- 2009
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Ingår i: General and Comparative Endocrinology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-6480. ; 164:2-3, s. 101-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During endurance flight most birds do not feed and have to rely on their body reserves. Fat and protein is catabolised to meet the high energetic demands. Even though the hormonal regulation of migration is complex and not yet fully understood. the adrenocortical hormone corticosterone crystallizes to play a major role in controlling physiological traits in migratory birds during flight. However, results from field studies are partially equivocal, not least because data from birds during endurance flight are hard to get and present mostly a momentary shot. A wind-tunnel experiment offered the possibility to measure repeatedly under controlled conditions the effect of long flights on the stress hormone corticosterone. In a long-distance migrating shorebird, the red knot Calidris canutus, we measured plasma concentrations of corticosterone within 3 min and after a restraint time of 30 min directly after 2 h and 10 h non-stop flights, respectively, and during rest. Baseline corticosterone levels were unchanged directly after the flights, indicating that endurance flight did not affect corticosterone levels. The adrenocortical response to restraint showed the typical rise in birds during rest, while birds after a 2 or 10 h flight substantially decreased plasma corticosterone concentrations. We suggest that the negative adrenocortical response to restraint after flight is part of the mechanism to reduce the proteolytic effect of corticosterone to save muscle protein and to avoid muscle damaging effects. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Jiguet, Frederic, et al.
(författare)
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Current population trends mirror forecasted changes in climatic suitability for Swedish breeding birds
- 2013
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Ingår i: Bird Study. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0006-3657 .- 1944-6705. ; 60:1, s. 60-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Capsule Swedish breeding bird species that are predicted to experience a more suitable climate by 2050 are currently increasing in numbers. Aims To test, for a large set of breeding birds, if recent population trends mirror the changes in predicted climatic suitability across the Swedish distribution range, and to test if considering natal dispersal improves the fit of the predictive models. Methods Recent decadal population trends of 131 species of birds breeding in Sweden were compared to forecasted change in their future national distribution range by 2050, as simulated by suitability distribution models using climate and natal dispersal scenarios. Two other potential predictors of recent demographic trends are controlled for - namely habitat specialization and generation time. Results The 1998-2009 population trends were positively correlated with predicted changes in distribution range. Thus, forecasted changes in climatic suitability predict recent population trends. Accounting for the species-specific natal dispersal provided only a slightly better fit. Conclusion Recent climate change has affected the population size of Swedish breeding birds. Climatic suitability models can be an efficient tool for predicting the impacts of climate change on the abundance of birds.
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| 8. |
- Jonzén, Niclas, et al.
(författare)
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Climate patterns and the stochastic dynamics of migratory birds
- 2002
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 1600-0706 .- 0030-1299. ; 97:3, s. 329-336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyse time series data of 17 bird species trapped at Ottenby Bird Observatory, Sweden, during spring migration 1972-1999. The species have similar demography but respond differently to variation in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) - a strong determinant of winter climate in the northern Hemisphere. Species wintering in northern Europe, compared to species having winter quarters in the Mediterranean area, tend to respond positively to variation in NAO. The variation within each group is high due to wide-ranging winter-distribution in many species, probably smoothing out the effect of spatial variation in NAO. Whereas mild winters (high NAO) are benign for many - but not all - birds wintering in northern Europe, the effect of drier-than-normal conditions in the Mediterranean area during high NAO index winters is uncertain. The work presented here goes beyond simple correlative studies and help identifying which species that are most affected by variation in winter climate. This is a first important step that calls for a more mechanistic approach when analysing possible changes to climate change.
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| 9. |
- Klaassen, Raymond, et al.
(författare)
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Great flights by great snipes: long and fast non-stop migration over benign habitats.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Biology letters. - : The Royal Society. - 1744-9561 .- 1744-957X. ; 7, s. 833-835
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Migratory land birds perform extreme endurance flights when crossing ecological barriers, such as deserts, oceans and ice-caps. When travelling over benign areas, birds are expected to migrate by shorter flight steps, since carrying the heavy fuel loads needed for long non-stop flights comes at considerable cost. Here, we show that great snipes Gallinago media made long and fast non-stop flights (4300-6800 km in 48-96 h), not only over deserts and seas but also over wide areas of suitable habitats, which represents a previously unknown migration strategy among land birds. Furthermore, the great snipes achieved very high ground speeds (15-27 m s(-1)), which was not an effect of strong tailwind support, and we know of no other animal that travels this rapidly over such a long distance. Our results demonstrate that some migratory birds are prepared to accept extreme costs of strenuous exercise and large fuel loads, even when stopover sites are available along the route and there is little tailwind assistance. A strategy of storing a lot of energy before departure, even if migration is over benign habitats, may be advantageous owing to differential conditions of fuel deposition, predation or infection risk along the migration route.
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| 10. |
- Lindström, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Asymmetric contests over resources for survival and migration: a field experiment with bluethroats
- 1990
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Ingår i: Animal Behaviour. - 1095-8282. ; 40:3, s. 453-461
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relative importance of prior occupancy and of asymmetries in both value of winning and in resource-holding potential for the outcome of animal contests was tested. Bluethroats, Luscinia s. svecica, were offered food ad libitum in the field. Prior to migration, at a moulting site, their weight increased rapidly and peaked after a few days. Lean birds won significantly more interactions than fat birds, probably owing to higher motivation to fight for the food. Dominance between individuals shifted and was not correlated with size or prior occupancy. During the subsequent migration, at a stopover site, the bluethroats gained weight throughout their stay. Dominance between individuals was constant and positively correlated with size, whereas fat reserves and prior occupancy had no effect on contest resolution. Fat deposition rates were positively correlated with dominance status. The different dominance patterns are explained in terms of different gain curves of fat for birds putting on fat for survival and migration, respectively. Though prior occupancy had no general effect on dominance patterns, such an uncorrelated asymmetry may have been used to settle single contests between fat birds at the moulting site. The fact that dominance (acting through differences in size) influences fat deposition rates may be important for the spatial and temporal pattern of migration in birds that compete for resources at stopover sites.
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