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Sökning: AMNE:(SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP Psykologi) > Blekinge Tekniska Högskola

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1.
  • Schenkman, Bo, et al. (författare)
  • Human echolocation : The relative importance of pitch and loudness
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Nordic Ergonomics Society. - Reykjavik, Iceland.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A sound heard in the presence of a reflected object will be both louder and have a slightly different timbre (“repetition pitch”) than the same sound heard with no reflection. Thus, pitch and loudness are two sources of information that visually handicapped people may use for echolocation. In real life, the two sources of information are confounded, because perceived loudness and repetition pitch both diminishes with distance to the reflecting object. The purpose of the present experiment was to disentangle the influence of each of these sources on human echolocation. Experimental sounds were obtained from binaural recordings with an artificial head in an ordinary room. White noise (500 ms) was emitted from a loudspeaker on the chest of the artificial head. A reflecting aluminum sheet (0.5 m diameter) was located at 1, 2 and 3 m distance to the artificial head. By digital manipulation, the loudness information or the pitch information of the recorded sounds were eliminated, resulting in three kinds of sounds: (1) sounds containing both pitch and loudness information, (2) sounds with only pitch information, and (3) sounds with only loudness information. These three kinds of sounds were presented to 14 sighted students. The psychophysical method of 2-alternative-forced-choice with feedback was used, with 56 trials for each person at each condition. Each trial presented one sound recorded with, and one without, reflecting object. The task was to detect which of the two sounds that was recorded in the presence of the reflecting object. All participants could use echolocation for all three kinds of sounds at the distance of 1m, but performed close to chance with all sounds at 3 m. At the 2 m condition, sounds with only pitch information gave a higher performance compared to sounds with only loudness information, for which the performance was close to random. Thus, pitch alone may provide sufficient information for echolocation at these distances. Audiometric tests were conducted, with focus on the pure tone threshold average and the absolute difference between the ears. The results will have a bearing on the construction of orientation and mobility aids for the visually handicapped.
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2.
  • Schenkman, Bo, et al. (författare)
  • Human echolocation using click trains and continuous noise
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Fechner Day 2011. - Raanana, Israel : International Society for Psychophysics.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Blind people may detect objects from the information in reflected sounds, echolocation. Detection as a function of the number of clicks compared to a continuous noise was tested by presenting clicks of 5 ms with rates from 1 to 64 clicks during a 500 ms period and a 500-ms continuous white noise. The sounds were recorded in an ordinary room through an artificial binaural head. The reflecting object was an aluminum disk, diameter 0.5 m, at distances of 1 and 1.5 m. These sounds were later presented to 3 blind and 16 sighted participants in a laboratory using a 2AFC methodology. The task was to detect which of the two sounds that contained a reflecting object. Feedback was provided. The blind participants had a higher detection than the sighted, but there were also differences among the blind. These results are put in relation to physical features such as the autocorrelation function and spectral variations.
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3.
  • Svensson, Martin, et al. (författare)
  • Vocal emotional expressions : Proxies for decision making in emergency calls?
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: <em>Individual Sources, Dynamics, and Expressions of Emotion (Research on Emotion in Organizations</em>. - Helsinki : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ; , s. 227-248
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This chapter focuses on whether perceived emotional intensity and help need is possible to discriminate in expressions of fear and neutrality in brief authentic emergency calls. Extraction of acoustic parameters of fear and neutrality was done prior to letting participants listen to a low-pass-filtered stimuli set. Participants discriminated fear and neutrality in both the intensity and help need condition. In turn, judged intensity and judged help need correlated strongly, with partial correlations indicating that participants use acoustically measured intensity (mean dB) as information to infer the intensity/help need relationship. We also discuss the implications of emotional expression in the call centre domain.
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4.
  • Berner, Jessica, et al. (författare)
  • Distribution of personality, individual characteristics and internet usage in Swedish older adults
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Aging and Mental Health. - : Taylor and Francis. - 1360-7863 .- 1364-6915. ; 16:1, s. 119-126
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives: This paper investigated factors associated with internet usage in the Swedish older adults ranging in age from 60 to 96. Personality traits and individual characteristics have been previously noted to influence internet usage, where older adults have not been the focus population. In this study the relationships between personality, individual characteristics and internet usage were investigated. Methods: A descriptive analysis of the personality tests of a total of 1402 subjects included in the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care (SNAC) was conducted. Three variables were controlled for: sex, age and education. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, chi square tests and a logistic regression were used in order to detect the relationships with internet usage. Results: Men differ significantly from women in the personality traits analysis. Those with higher education were more open and neuroticism was lower in the oldest older adults. Internet usage declined significantly with age and those with middle to higher education were using the internet the most. No other associations with internet use were found Conclusion: Personality traits and individual characteristics do not seem to influence the Swedish older adult and their internet usage. What one needs to account for is the age and education of the person. The more educated and the youngest cohorts were using the internet more frequently.
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5.
  • Bratt, Anna S., 1969-, et al. (författare)
  • Effects on life satisfaction of older adults after child and spouse bereavement
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Aging & Mental Health. - : Routledge. - 1360-7863 .- 1364-6915. ; 21:6, s. 602-608
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Few studies have compared the impact of different familial losses on life satisfaction (LS). Furthermore, there is a lack of research on the effect of having lost both a child and a spouse among older adults. Sample: A random sample of 1402 individuals, 817 women and 585 men, aged 60–96 years from the Blekinge part of the Swedish National Study of Aging and Care (SNAC-B) participated in this cross-sectional study. Aims: The first aim was to compare the effects of child or spouse or both child and spouse bereavement on LS and, the second aim, to investigate if there were gender differences within the bereaved groups. Results: The results showed that having lost a child, spouse or both child and spouse had a negative association with LS, although this effect was small. Having experienced multiple losses did not predict more variance than a single child or spouse loss. Gender differences were found within all the bereaved groups with bereaved men having lower LS than bereaved women. Longer time since the loss was associated with higher LS. Conclusions: Bereaved older adults have somewhat lower LS than non-bereaved and bereaved men seem more affected than bereaved women. Future research needs to address older men´s experiences after the loss of a loved one.
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6.
  • Holst, Göran, et al. (författare)
  • Can communicative problems between caregivers and patients with severe dementia be bridged by help from a close family member?
  • 2010
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Several studies have shown connections between personality and various kinds of behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia. It has for example been found that personality traits such as introversion, rigidity, and a tendency to suppress emotions, as remembered retrospectively by a close family member, correlated positively with disturbed communicative behaviors in people with severe dementia. This finding indicates that personality characteristics should be considered in nursing care because they may help a caregiver to understand communicative attempts from a person not able to speak for themselves, i.e. express their feelings. Information from a next of kin about a sick person’s personality may help to bridge communicative gaps in care situations. However, the reliability of such information is not known. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inter-rater agreement between healthy elderly people`s self-assessment and the assessment made by a next of kin concerning personality and Sense of Coherence (SOC). The participants (n=154) answered questions from the Eysenck personality scale and the Antonovsky SOC scale. The study shows high or moderate agreement in ratings when analysed by means of an intra-class correlation coefficient (range between r =.57 and r = .72) indicating that in general a close relative is able to report on the personality of a next of kin.  The inter-rater agreement was high on SOC and Extraversion and somewhat lower on Neuroticism. For Neuroticism, length of time of relationship increased the odds for a good inter-rater agreement.  Thus seemingly a next of kin is a reliable informant for the elderly in general and is probably also able to add information useful in the nursing care of people with a severe dementia disease.
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7.
  • Rennemark, Mikael, et al. (författare)
  • Decreased cognitive functions at the age of 66, as measured by the MMSE, associated with having left working life before the age of 60 : Results from the SNAC study
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 42:3, s. 304-309
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims: The age of retirement has financial implications as we tend to live longer, with the result that an increasing number of older inhabitants have to share limited financial resources. However, this is not only a financial issue. It is also of interest to investigate factors related to health and quality of life associated with the age of retirement. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in mood, activity level, and cognition at the age of 66 associated with leaving working life before 60. Methods: Baseline and follow-up data on 840 participants of the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care - Blekinge was used. Mood was measured by the Montgomery-sberg Depression Scale and activity level by 27 survey items. Cognition was measured by the Mini Mental State Examination. Results: Retirement before 60 years of age was not associated with lower cognitive functions and a higher score on depression at baseline, but retirees were less active. Six years later, at the age of 66, a decline in their cognition was found. Retirees were still not more depressed but less active. In a logistic regression analysis, being retired increased the odds ratio for cognitive decline by 1.36-times (OR 2.36) when gender, activity level, education level, and depression were adjusted for. Conclusions: Participants who retired before the age of 60 declined in cognitive ability over the 6-year study period.
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8.
  • Rennemark, Mikael, 1951-, et al. (författare)
  • The study of personality traits in the Blekinge part of the Swedish National stydy on Aging and Care (SNACB)
  • 2019. - 1
  • Ingår i: Personality and Brain Disorders. - Switzerland : Springer. - 9783319900643 - 9783319900650 ; , s. 85-99
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Personality has been shown to be related to numerous health-related factors. In the SNAC-B study, relationships between health variables and the personality traits of neuroticism (N), conscientiousness (C), agreeableness (A), openness (O), and extraversion (E) have been investigated. Aim: In this chapter, stability and change of personality during the ages of 60 to 90 years are explored. In addition, relationships between personality traits and health-related variables are presented. Methods: The results are based on data from the SNAC-B studies of 1402 men and women aged 60 to 90. The participants have been followed up during 12 years, while data on health, well-being, and autonomy have been continuously collected. In addition, variables assumed to influence health have been collected, such as lifestyles, demographic factors, social environment, and personality. Results: The results show personality to be stable over time according to rank order, but all personality traits except neuroticism were shown to have small but significant mean level changes. In addition, connections between a number of health-related variables and personality traits, such as mortality, self-care, work ability, and perception of pain, were indicated. Conclusions: The results indicate that the role of personality should be taken into account in research on health and aging. Personality traits have a lifelong influence on health behaviors and have been shown to affect both subjective and objective aspects of health and the way we cope with health-related experiences.
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9.
  • Steffner, Daniel, et al. (författare)
  • Change blindness when viewing web pages
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Work. - San Francisco : CRC Press. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 41:Suppl 1, s. 6098-6102, s. 23-32
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Change blindness on web pages was studied for 20 participants. The purpose was to find how change blindness appears for web pages, and which changes are easier to detect. The task was to detect if a change had occurred and to show this by the means of the cursor. Rensink´s flicker paradigm was used, where four categories of changes were presented. It was easier to detect a change not consisting of a person than one with a person. It was easier to detect a change to the left than to the right. The complexity of the web pages did not appear to have an effect, while large changes were easier to detect than small. The results may indicate that focused attention is differently sensitive for different kinds of changes. They also show that change blindness is a general phenomenon that can be applied to the perception of web pages.
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10.
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