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Sökning: AMNE:(SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP Psykologi) > Högskolan i Gävle

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1.
  • Riva, Roberto, et al. (författare)
  • Comparison of the cortisol awakening response inwomen with shoulder and neck pain and women with fibromyalgia
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Psychoneuroendocrinology. - : Elsevier. - 0306-4530 .- 1873-3360. ; 37:2, s. 299-306
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Shoulder and neck pain (SNP) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), two musculoskeletal conditions of unknown pathogenesis, share some common features in terms of altered neuroendocrine responses, pain and stress perception. However, the pain distribution in SNP is localized,whereas in FMS is more widespread. Because regional musculoskeletal pain may represent an intermediate stage along a continuum towards widespread musculoskeletal pain we compared the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in women with SNP with the CAR in FMS patients and healthy controls (HC) in a controlled hospital—hotel setting. The aim of the study was to investigate whether SNP is related to a deviant regulation of the hypothalamic—pituitary—adrenal (HPA) axis. Eighteen women with SNP, 29 female FMS patients, and 27 female HC participated in the study. Cortisol samples were collected upon awakening, 30 and 60 min later. Questionnaires measuring pain levels, sleeping problems, perceived stress, and psychological characteristics were administered to the participants. Compared with HC, women with SNP had a tendency towards higher cortisol levels, whereas FMS had lower cortisol levels. Adjustment for potential confounders did not influence the results. Women with SNP and FMS patients reported more health complaints, pain, and perceived stress than the HC, but women with SNP were less affected than the FMS patients. Women with SNP showed a tendency towards an elevated HPA axis activity compared with HC. The current findings may indicate that the hypercortisolism in regional musculoskeletal pain represent an intermediate stage towards the development of a hypocortisolism in widespread musculoskeletal pain.
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2.
  • Sörqvist, Patrik, et al. (författare)
  • Disruption of writing processes by the semanticity of background speech
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 53:2, s. 97-102
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Previous studies have noted that writing processes are impaired by task-irrelevant background sound. However, what makes sound distracting to writing processes has remained unaddressed. The experiment reported here investigated whether the semanticity of irrelevant speech contributes to disruption of writing processes beyond the acoustic properties of the sound. The participants wrote stories against a background of normal speech, spectrally-rotated speech (i. e., a meaningless sound with marked acoustic resemblance to speech) or silence. Normal speech impaired quantitative (e. g., number of characters produced) and qualitative/ semantic (e. g., uncorrected typing errors, proposition generation) aspects of the written material, in comparison with the other two sound conditions, and it increased the duration of pauses between words. No difference was found between the silent and the rotated-speech condition. These results suggest that writing is susceptible to disruption from the semanticity of speech but not especially susceptible to disruption from the acoustic properties of speech.
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3.
  • Andersson, Hanna, 1991-, et al. (författare)
  • The negative footprint illusion is exacerbated by the numerosity of environment-friendly additions: unveiling the underpinning mechanisms
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The addition of environmentally friendly items to conventional items sometimes leads people to believe that the carbon footprint of the entire set decreases rather than increases. This negative footprint illusion is supposedly underpinned by an averaging bias: people base environmental impact estimates not on the total impact of items but on their average. Here, we found that the illusion's magnitude increased with the addition of a greater number of "green" items when the number of conventional items remained constant (Studies 1 and 2), supporting the averaging-bias account. We challenged this account by testing what happens when the number of items in the conventional and "green" categories vary while holding the ratio between the two categories constant (Study 3). At odds with the averaging-bias account, the magnitude of the illusion increased as the category size increased, revealing a category-size bias, and raising questions about the interplay between these biases in the illusion.
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4.
  • Holmström, Stefan, 1970-, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of a Swedish version of the Job Stress Survey
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 49:3, s. 277-286
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The present study assesses and evaluates the psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Job Stress Survey (JSS; Spielberger, 1991; Spielberger & Vagg, 1999). This instrument is constructed to measure generic sources of occupational stress encountered by employees in a wide variety of work settings, settings that often result in psychological strain. The JSS was administered to metal assembly industry workers and medical service personnel in northern Sweden (n= 1186). The exploratory factor analysis showed that there is a high similarity between the present Swedish version and the original American version. Internal reliabilities of the scales, as well as test-retest reliabilities were shown to be high, and concurrent validity, as examined by comparisons with the Perceived Stress Questionnaire Index ( Levenstein et al., 1993 ) was found to be satisfactory. The consistency of these findings is discussed with particular focus on groups of employees, gender, and cross-cultural evaluations.
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5.
  • Larsson, Sam (författare)
  • Det andra jaget vid manlig transvestism : Ett jagteoretiskt och kognitionspsykologiskt perspektiv : [a self-theoretical and cognitive psychology perspective]
  • 1997
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis is a comprehensive examination of cross dressing among men and providesdescriptive information, a review of the literature and some new research data. The theoreticalpart presents a multidimensional model for the analysis of transvestism. Various theoreticalapproaches are analyzed and a self theory based on a cognitive and transpersonal psychologyperspective is successfully elaborated. Transvestism is viewed as a multidetermined phenomena. One important argument in the model is that transvestism can be seen as an expression of a second self or a feminine self. The feminine self is conceptualized as a subsystem of the self.The empirical section of the thesis contains three different studies. The main part focuseson a qualitative in-depth analysis of a group of twelve transvestites from a cross dressing clubin Sweden, This group of transvestites is also compared with a small group of marginaltransvestites and male-to-female transsexuals. The empirical results give a detailed picture ofthe experiential world of the transvestite and the cognitive and affective changes associatedwith cross dressing. The results confirm previous findings that male transvestism can be seenas an expression of a second self or a feminine self and that cross dressing follows a dynamicpattern from an early "fetishistic stage" to a later "gender identity stage".The second part of the empirical study contains a comparison between treated and untreated male cross-dressers. This comparison was based on an interview study with 92 male members of a cross dressing club in Sweden. Multiple comparisons showed many similarities between the two groups. However, those in the treated group were more often unmarried or divorced, had experienced more difficulties functioning in the male gender role and also seemed to have a more intense identification with the feminine self.The third part of the empirical section reviews the findings from a study of 50 wives andlong-term partners of transvestites in Sweden. The results show both positive, neutral andnegative attitudes in various degrees towards cross dressing and both positive and negativefactors in marriage attributed to transvestism.
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6.
  • Laukka, Petri, et al. (författare)
  • Exploring the graded structure of vocal emotion expressions
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: The role of prosody in affective speech. - Bern : Peter Lang. - 9783039116966 ; , s. 241-258
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Not all members of a category are equally good members; for example, a robin is generally considered to be a more typical member of the category ‘birds’ than an ostrich. Similarly, one vocal expression of, for example, happiness can be more typical than another expression of the same emotion, though both expressions clearly are perceived as ‘happy’. This chapter presents ongoing studies investigating the determinants of the typicality (graded structure) of vocal emotion expressions. In two experiments, separate groups of judges rated expressive speech stimuli (both acted and spontaneous expressions) with regard to typicality, ideal (suitability to express the respective emotion), and frequency of instantiation. A measure of similarity to central tendency was also obtained from listener judgments. Partial correlations and multiple regression analyses revealed that similarity to ideal, and not frequency of instantiation or similarity to central tendency, explained most variance in judged typicality. In other words, the typicality of vocal expressions was mainly determined by their similarity to ideal category members. Because ideals depend on the goals that people have, they can be independent of the particular category members that a person usually encounters. Thus it is argued that these results may indicate that prototypical vocal expressions are best characterized as goal-derived categories, rather than common taxonomic categories. This could explain how prototypical expressions can be acoustically distinct and highly recognizable, while at the same time occur relatively rarely in everyday speech.
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7.
  • Marsh, John Everett, et al. (författare)
  • Irrelevant changing-state vibrotactile stimuli disrupt verbal serial recall: implications for theories of interference in short-term memory
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X. ; 36:1, s. 78-100
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • What causes interference in short-term memory? We report the novel finding that immediate memory for visually-presented verbal items is sensitive to disruption from task-irrelevant vibrotactile stimuli. Specifically, short-term memory for a visual sequence is disrupted by a concurrently presented sequence of vibrations, but only when the vibrotactile sequence entails change (when the sequence “jumps” between the two hands). The impact on visual-verbal serial recall was similar in magnitude to that for auditory stimuli (Experiment 1). Performance of the missing item task, requiring recall of item-identity rather than item-order, was unaffected by changing-state vibrotactile stimuli (Experiment 2), as with changing-state auditory stimuli. Moreover, the predictability of the changing-state sequence did not modulate the magnitude of the effect, arguing against an attention-capture conceptualisation (Experiment 3). Results support the view that interference in short-term memory is produced by conflict between incompatible, amodal serial-ordering processes (interference-by-process) rather than interference between similar representational codes (interference-by-content).
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8.
  • Marsja, Erik, 1981-, et al. (författare)
  • Examining the Role of Spatial Changes in Bimodal and Uni-Modal To-Be-Ignored Stimuli and How They Affect Short-Term Memory Processes
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 10, s. 1-8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study examines the potential vulnerability of short-term memory processes to distraction by spatial changes within to-be-ignored bimodal, vibratory, and auditory stimuli. Participants were asked to recall sequences of serially presented dots or digits while being exposed to to-be-ignored stimuli. On unexpected occasions, the bimodal (Experiment 1), vibratory (Experiment 2), or auditory (Experiment 3) stimuli changed their spatial origin from one side of the body (e.g., ear and arm, arm only, ear only) to the other. It was expected that the bimodal stimuli would make the spatial change more salient compared to that of the uni-modal stimuli and that this, in turn, would yield an increase in distraction of serial short-term memory in both the verbal and spatial domains. Performance across three experiments support this assumption as a disruptive effect of the spatial deviant was only observed when presented within the bimodal to-be-ignored sequence (Experiment 1): Uni-modal to-be-ignored sequences, whether vibratory (Experiment 2) or auditory (Experiment 3), had no impact on either verbal or spatial short-term memory. Implications for models of attention capture, short-term memory, and the potential special role attention capturing role of bimodal stimuli is discussed.
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9.
  • Olofsson, Åke, 1952- (författare)
  • Early writing among ancient Vikings and today´s pre-schoolers : a cognitive developmental perspective on reading acquisition and alphabets as effective artefacts
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Paedagogica historica. - : Routledge. - 0030-9230 .- 1477-674X. ; 44:1-2, s. 167-178
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The present paper reports some observations on pre-school children’s spontaneous as well as adult-supported spelling behaviour and makes comparisons between aspects of these early literacy activities and some features of spellings from mostly twelfth- to fourteenth-century Norwegian runic inscriptions. The runic inscriptions originate from a post-Viking time period where formal schooling was rare and exclusively based on the Latin alphabet. It is argued that runic literacy was serving several important functions in the society and that runic literacy skill was learned in an everyday sociocultural context and that this learning process in a critical way was supported by one major artefact – the runic alphabet itself. It is concluded that there are fundamental similarities between the learning activities among the children of today and the thirteenth-century self-supported print explorer. The basic commonality is alphabetical knowledge and it is concluded that primary knowledge of the actual alphabet is, and has always been, essential for the initial stage of reading acquisition.
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10.
  • Söderfjell, Stefan, 1970- (författare)
  • Musculoskeletal pain, memory, and aging : Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings
  • 2005
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The general aim of the thesis was to investigate potential differences in memory performance between participants across the adult life span with and without self-reported musculoskeletal pain. Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a major health related problem in our society. A common complaint related to chronic pain is about cognitive difficulties in attention, memory, and decision making. A number of studies have demonstrated that people with pain also perform wors on tasks measuring, for example episodic memory, semantic memory, and working memory. The present thesis aimed at replying these findings, by using a non-clinical population based sample. the potential differences in memory performance between people with and without pain were examined across the adult life span, in order to disentangle potential pain by age interactions. This was made by using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Study I aimed at studying differences in episodic memory performance, semantic memory performance, and implicit memory performance, between people with and without musculoskeletal pain. Differences were found for all three memory systems, but disappeared after controlling for years of formal education. In Study II an extension of the first study was made, in which performance on a range of cognitive tests were analysed. General differences were demonstrated , but yet again, years of education together with depression ruled out the effects. The most robust effects were found for word comprehension and construction ability. Finally, Study III used 5- and 10 year follow up studies to examine change over time in cognitive performance as a function of pain. The main finding from this study was that semantic memory for the oldest is impaired over time as a function of pain. An additional analysis showed similar patterns, regardless of age, for construction ability.
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