| 1. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941-, et al.
(författare)
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Review and assessment of self-reports of travel-related emotional wellbeing
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport and Health. - : Elsevier. - 2214-1405 .- 2214-1405. ; 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Travel behavior research has only started to address how travel affects emotional wellbeing. The development of measurement methods is an important goal of this research.Methods: A review and assessment of methods of measuring travel-related emotional wellbeing is presented guided by a conceptual framework specifying what is measured (cognitive evaluations, emotional responses, or moods), the way it is measured (proactively, instantaneously, or retrospectively), and when it is measured (before, during, or after travel). Anticipated, current, residual and recalled moods are the objects of the measurement. Only studies of commuting or other types of daily travel are addressed.Results: We find that no research has measured anticipated moods, some research has measured current moods before, after and during travel, and most research has measured recalled moods.Conclusions: The most valid and reliable method is to measure current mood instantaneously at several points in time, before, during, and after travel. A measure of emotional wellbeing can then be obtained by objective aggregation. An approximate more feasible method is to retrospectively measure recalled moods for a given specified time period that may not only include travel. The available methods for measuring recalled moods have acceptable psychometric properties but research is needed to validate these methods by comparing the results to an objective aggregation of instantaneous measures of current mood at different points in time.
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| 2. |
- Rönnlund, Michael, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Predictors of self-reported prospective and retrospective memory in a population-based sample of older adults
- 2011
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Ingår i: The Journal of Genetic Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0022-1325 .- 1940-0896. ; 172:3, s. 266-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, the authors examined predictors of self-reported everyday memory failures using the Prospective and Retrospective Questionnaire (PRMQ; Smith, Della Sala, Logie, &Maylor, 2000) in a population-based sample of older adults (age range = 60–90 years; N = 250). The results showed that a higher frequency of reported failures was associated with lower scores on the personality dimension of self-directedness as assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI; Cloninger, Dragan, Svrakic,& Przybeck, 1993) and more depressive symptoms on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977).However, PRMQscores showed no relationships with objective memory ability, as reflected by a series of retrospective memory measures and a measure of prospective memory. Neither were the PRMQ scales associated with general cognitive functioning as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1977). Taken together, the results indicate that within the older population, self-reported memory as assessed by the PRMQ may reflect moodstate and personality factors rather than individual differences in memory and cognitive ability.
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| 3. |
- Vestergren, Peter, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Development of the cognitive dysfunction questionnaire (CDQ) in a population based sample
- 2011
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 52:3, s. 218-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study reports on the development of a questionnaire for assessment of adult cognitive dysfunction (CDQ). Participants in a population-based sample(65 ± 15 years, N = 370) responded to a 90-item pilot version covering multiple aspects of memory/cognition. Based on exploratory principal components analyses and correlations with criterion measures of cognitive functioning (MMSE, Block Design, semantic/episodic memory), 20 items loading on 6 components were selected for the final version of the questionnaire. Cronbach’s a for the total score was 0.90. There was evidence of construct validity as judged by correlations between CDQ scores, objective cognitive measures, and a subjective memory measure (PRMQ). Discriminant validity was demonstrated by a low and non-significant correlation with depressive symptoms. Further evidence of construct validity was provided by correlations with age and educational attainment. In conclusion, the CDQ is promising as a self-rating screening tool for cognitive dysfunction, and will be the subject of further development and validation.
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| 4. |
- Vestergren, Peter, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived causes of everyday memory problems in a population-based sample aged 39–99
- 2011
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - Chichester : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 25:4, s. 641-646
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is usually a weak relation between memory complaints and laboratory memory performance, but few studies have investigated what people perceive as causes of their everyday memory problems. This study investigated prevalence, severity and perceived causes of memory problems in a population-based sample (N = 361, age-range 39–99). 30.2 per cent of the participants reported memory complaints (at least moderate memory problems). Higher age was associated with more severe memory problems, but the age-related differences were small. The most frequent perceived causes were age/ageing, stress and multitasking. Age/ageing as a cause was more frequent among older participants, and stress and multitasking were more frequent among middle-aged participants. The results suggest that everyday stress and level of engagement in multiple tasks or commitments, that place demands on cognitive resources, are important variables to consider when studying the relations between subjective everyday memory measures, age and memory performance in the laboratory.
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| 5. |
- Berman, Anne H., et al.
(författare)
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Design and Development of a Telephone-Linked Care (TLC) System to Reduce Impulsivity among Violent Forensic Outpatients and Probationers
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of medical systems. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0148-5598 .- 1573-689X. ; 36:3, s. 1031-1042
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forensic services face the challenge of reducing relapse among clients with a history of violent crime. An automated interactive voice response (IVR) service of the complex Telephone-Linked Care (TLC) type, with a focus on reducing impulsivity, could improve the adequacy of service responses to client needs. Theoretically based in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Motivational Interviewing (MI), the forensic TLC system offers interactive conversations on coping with the emotions of anger, shame and loneliness; activities of daily life such as getting out of bed, asking for help, visiting social services and taking medication; and other areas such as hearing voices, drinking alcohol and self-critical thoughts. We describe the user´s flow through the system, with an in-depth synopsis of the hearing voices intervention. Issues regarding voluntary versus mandatory use of the system are addressed in connection with prospective introduction of the system in forensic settings.
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| 6. |
- Feng, Qi, 1961-
(författare)
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Predictive action in infancy : Evidence of early prospective behavior
- 2009
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- How do young infants understand and act on their constantly changing environment? An action perspective on motor development was taken into account. The present thesis investigated perception guided predictive action in 6-month-old infants, namely, head tracking and reaching for an object moving on a pre-defined trajectory, linear or nonlinear, fully visible or partially occluded. The motion trials were presented in a randomized order or in a way by using an ABBA block design. Study I of this thesis began with the exploration of the principles underlying infant predictive action. Infants were presented a fully visible moving object on four trajectories: two linear trajectories that intersected at the center of a display and two non-linear trajectories that contained a sudden turn at the point of intersection. The results supplied evidence that both infants’ head tracking and reaching showed an extrapolation of the object’s motion on linear paths, which was described by the principle of inertia. No learning effect was found in spite of repeated fully visible trials. Previous experiments reported that infants of similar age showed a reduction in reaching when object motion was occluded briefly. Thus Study II was undertaken, in part, to evaluate whether differences in the tasks resented to infants or differences in the visibility of the objects account for these findings. This was done by investigating infants’ predictive head tracking of an object following the procedure presented in Study I with only one exception: object motion was partially occluded by a small occluder positioned on the motion trajectory. Study II also raised a second question concerning infants’ ability to learn to anticipate upcoming object motions. It was found that infants were able to quickly learn to anticipate either linear or nonlinear motion but with a superior learning effect from linear motion. This pattern suggested a tendency to anticipate the upcoming motion in accord with inertia. Although a capacity to anticipate occluded object motion in accord with inertia was present, it was weak, as infants’ initial reaction to the occluded object motion revealed no such tendency. Learning in all cases was associated with the trajectory of the object, not the specific locations at which the object appeared. It was suggested that infants might form object representations that are influenced by learning and that are just weakly biased toward inertia extrapolation. This finding supported the claims that occlusion reduces the presentation of object representation, as suggested by single system of object representation theory.
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| 7. |
- Josefsson, Maria, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic and Lifestyle Predictors of 15-Year Longitudinal Change in Episodic Memory
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of The American Geriatrics Society. - : Wiley. - 0002-8614 .- 1532-5415. ; 60:12, s. 2308-2312
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To reveal distinct longitudinal trajectories in episodic memory over 15 years and to identify demographic, lifestyle, health-related, and genetic predictors of stability or decline. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: The Betula Project, Umeå, Sweden. Participants: One thousand nine hundred fifty-four healthy participants aged 35 to 85 at baseline. Measurements: Memory was assessed according to validated episodic memory tasks in participants from a large population-based sample. Data were analyzed using a random-effects pattern-mixture model that considered the effect of attrition over two to four longitudinal sessions. Logistic regression was used to determine significant predictors of stability or decline relative to average change in episodic memory. Results: Of 1,558 participants with two or more test sessions, 18% were classified as maintainers and 13% as decliners, and 68% showed age-typical average change. More educated and more physically active participants, women, and those living with someone were more likely to be classified as maintainers, as were carriers of the met allele of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene. Less educated participants, those not active in the labor force, and men were more likely to be classified as decliners, and the apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele was more frequent in decliners. Conclusion: Quantitative, attrition-corrected assessment of longitudinal changes in memory can reveal substantial heterogeneity in aging trajectories, and genetic and lifestyle factors predict such heterogeneity.
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| 8. |
- Ljungberg, Jessica K, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-modal distraction by deviance : functional similarities between the auditory and tactile modalities
- 2012
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Ingår i: Experimental psychology (Göttingen). - : Hogrefe Publishing. - 1618-3169 .- 2190-5142. ; 59:6, s. 355-363
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unexpected task-irrelevant changes in the auditory or visual sensory channels have been shown to capture attention in an ineluctable manner and distract participants away from ongoing auditory or visual categorization tasks. We extend the study of this phenomenon by reporting the first within-participant comparison of deviance distraction in the tactile and auditory modalities. Using vibro-tactile-visual and auditory-visual cross-modal oddball tasks, we found that unexpected changes in the tactile and auditory modalities produced a number of functional similarities: A negative impact of distracter deviance on performance in the ongoing visual task, distraction on the subsequent trial (post-deviance distraction), and a similar decrease – but not the disappearance – of these effects across blocks. Despite these functional similarities, deviance distraction only correlated between the auditory and tactile modalities for the accuracy-based measure of deviance distraction and not for response latencies. Post-deviance distraction showed no correlation between modalities. Overall, the results suggest that behavioral deviance distraction may be underpinned by both modality-specific and multimodal mechanisms, while post-deviance distraction may predominantly relate to modality-specific processes.
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| 9. |
- Ljungberg, Jessica K., et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Intonation and Valence on Objective and Subjective Attention Capture by Auditory Alarms
- 2012
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Ingår i: Human Factors. - : Sage Publications. - 0018-7208 .- 1547-8181. ; 54:5, s. 826-837
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective:The objective was to study the involuntary capture of attention by spoken words varying in intonation and valence.Background:In studies of verbal alarms, the propensity of alarms to capture attention has been primarily assessed with the use of subjective ratings of their perceived urgency. Past studies suggest that such ratings vary with the alarms’ spoken urgency and content.Method:We measured attention capture by spoken words varying in valence (negative vs. neutral) and intonation (urgently vs. nonurgently spoken) through subjective ratings and behavioral measures. The key behavioral measure was the response latency to visual stimuli in the presence of spoken words breaking away from the periodical repetition of a tone.Results:The results showed that all words captured attention relative to a baseline standard tone but that this effect was partly counteracted by a relative speeding of responses for urgently compared with nonurgently spoken words. Word valence did not affect behavioral performance. Rating data showed that both intonation and valence increased significantly perceived urgency and attention grabbing without any interaction.Conclusion:The data suggest a congruency between subjective ratings and behavioral performance with respect to spoken intonation but not valence.Application:This study demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of objective measures of attention capture to help design efficient alarm systems.
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| 10. |
- Ljungberg, Jessica K., et al.
(författare)
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The Informational Constraints of Behavioral Distraction by Unexpected Sounds : The Role of Event Information
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition. - Washington : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0278-7393 .- 1939-1285. ; 38:5, s. 1461-1468
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sounds deviating from an otherwise repeated stream of task-irrelevant auditory stimuli (deviant sounds among standard sounds) are known to capture attention and impact negatively on ongoing behavioral performance (behavioral oddball distraction). Traditional views consider such distraction as the ineluctable consequence of the deviant sounds’ low probability of occurrence relative to that of the standard.Contrary to this contention, recent evidence demonstrates that distraction by deviant sounds is not obligatory and occurs only when sounds (standards and deviants), though to be ignored, act as useful warning cues by providing information as to whether and when a target stimulus is to be presented (Parmentier, Elsley, & Ljungberg, 2010). The present study aimed to extend this finding by disentangling the roles of event information (target’s probability of occurrence) and temporal information (target’s time of occurrence). Comparing performance in a cross-modal oddball task where standard and deviant sounds provided temporal information, event information, both, or none, we found that distraction by deviant sounds emerged when sounds conveyed event information. These results suggest that unexpected changes in a stream of sounds yield behavioral distraction to the extent that standards and deviants carry relevant goal-directed information, specifically, the likelihood of occurrence of an upcoming target.
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