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| 2. |
- Hallsten, Lennart, 1942-
(författare)
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Psykiskt välbefinnande och arbetslöshet : Psykiskt välbefinnande och arbetslöshet : om hälsorelaterad selektion till arbete
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I avhandlingen undersöks orsakssambanden mellan arbetslöshet och psykiskt välbefinnande. I avhandlingens första del presenteras tre förklaringar till sambanden: Förankrings- selektions- och den komplementära hypotesen, tillsammans med ett designbaserat klassificeringssystem för arbetslöshetsstudierna.I den andra delen följs 139 anställda inom Skolöverstyrelsen och fyra länsskolnämnder i en prospektiv undersökning från slutet av 1980-talet fram till mitten av 1990-talet. Mätningar av psykiskt välbefinnande och arbetsmarknadsförankring gjordes vid fyra tillfällen, varav en gång före avvecklingen. Tre år efter avvecklingen hade 70 procent av de uppsagda fått nya fasta arbeten, och flertalet var nöjda med sina nya anställningar. Omkring en procent var öppet arbetslösa. Det psykiska välbefinnandet minskade under avvecklingen, men tre år efter avvecklingen hade välbefinnandet återgått till samma nivåer som före avvecklingen, oberoende av om personerna hade erhållit nytt fast arbete eller ej. Däremot hade en sortering till arbetsmarknaden ägt rum. De med högt psykiskt välbefinnande före avvecklingen hade i högre grad erhållit nya fasta arbeten. Selektionshypotesen erhöll starkast stöd tre år efter avvecklingen, medan den komplementära hypotesen bäst förklarade sambandet mellan psykiskt välbefinnande och arbetslöshet ett år efter avvecklingen. Studien visade därmed att lågt psykiskt välbefinnande både kan vara en orsak till, och en effekt av, arbetslöshet eller svag ställning på arbetsmarknaden.I avhandlingens tredje del presenteras en meta-analys med det dubbla syftet att beskriva sambandet mellan psykisk ohälsa och arbetslöshet samt att pröva de tre hypoteserna på tidigare empiriska data. Meta-analysen genomfördes på studier publicerade 1980-1996. Från internationella databaser erhölls 95 oberoende sampel och 189 effektstorlekar, hämtade från 88622 personer. Effektstorlekarna var heterogena, men i drygt 90 procent av samplen var hälsan bättre för arbetande än för arbetslösa. Den komplementära hypotesen erhöll starkast empiriskt stöd. Den genomsnittliga förankringseffekten, uttryckt i punktbiseriala korrelationer, blev 0,16 medan selektionseffekten blev 0,08. Effektstorlekarna hade samband med undersökningarnas design, undersökningsgrupper och geografiska hemvist. Effekterna ordnades i enlighet med klassificeringssystemet till ett effektfält, som i huvudsak visade intern konsistens. I avhandlingens sista del diskuteras praktiska och forskningsmässiga konsekvenser av resultaten.
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| 3. |
- Kecklund, Lena, 1963-
(författare)
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Studies of safety and critical work situations in nuclear power plants : a human factors perspective
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis was to develop and apply different approaches for analyzing safety in critical work situations in real work settings in nuclear power plants, and also to identify safety enhancing measures by using the framework of interaction between human, organizational and technical subsystems (MTO, man-technology-organization). A Cognitive Psychology as well as a Stress Psychology framework was used. All studies were related to the annual outage operational state where the need for coping with many infrequent tasks, often carried out under high time pressure, puts great strain on the staff and organization of the plant. Furthermore, all studies used self-report measures.In three studies the natural variations in the plant state, normal operation and annual outage operation, were used to explore human performance, work-related factors as well as coping and the operators' own resources and the relationship between them. In the annual outage condition high work demands, decreased sleepiness at night shift, more errors and less satisfaction with work performance quality was reported by maintenance as well as by control room operators. A relationship between high work demands and more organizational problems and reports of more frequent human errors and lower satisfactions with work performance quality was also identified in the annual outage condition. Moreover, a relationship between increased sleepiness during night shift, more frequent use of coping strategies and a higher frequency of human errors was reported.In two studies the Event and Barrier Function Model was applied to analyze the safety of barrier function systems inserted into work process sequences to protect the systems from the negative consequences of failures and errors. The model was also used to assess safety in relation to a technical and organizational change.The last study addressed changes in work performance and work-related factors in relation to a technical and organizational change of a safety significant work process involving increased automation and new staff. Only minor changes in work-related factors and work demands were observed, but after the change satisfaction with work performance decreased and the use of coping strategies increased.The results from the studies in this thesis suggest areas for improvement of the safety in nuclear power plant work situations concerning both work-related factors, barrier functions and the interaction between human, organizational and technical subsystems. The identification of work-related factors associated with human error and degraded work performance may also have implications for safety in other systems with high safety demands such as other process industries, transportation and health care.
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| 6. |
- Stenberg, Rebecca
(författare)
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Organisationslogik i samverkan : konsten att organisera samverkan i en imaginär organisation av offentliga aktörer
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the study was to understand what it means for different public organizational actors to cooperate in an imaginary organization, transcending formal organizational boundaries. A qualitative case study was conducted in an organization composed of four public organizations in the welfare sector. Data was generated with ethnographic methods and analyzed with narrative hermeneutics. The study's conclusion is that actors at different organizational levels based their understanding, decisions, and actions on different forms of organizational logic. The organizational logic differences led to misunderstandings, conflicts, and paradoxes in the organizing and put middle management at the intersection between the logic differences. The differences can however be viewed as natural elements of dynamic cooperative organizing. Imaginary organizing of cooperation between actors can thereby be viewed as an act of balancing between too much pluralism, autonomy, and conflicts on the one hand, and too much conformity and consensus on the other. Also between being too intangible, failing to create shared conceptions and being too formal, constructing new organizational borders to overcome. It is suggested that an imaginary organization of cooperation can be achieved if organized as a framework of shared conceptions, and if multiple activities and logic differences are integrated with the aid of an imaginary leadership.
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- Svenson, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Predecision conflict and different patterns of postdecision attractiveness restructuring : empirical illustrations from an important real-life decision
- 1997
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 38:3, s. 243-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents different postdecision consolidation patterns following decisions made under value conflicts. The different patterns wereillustrated by case studies of real-life decisions concerning university programs. There were five program alternatives each of whichbranched into a different professional area. These decisions were very important to the students. The subjects were followed during a year,from a couple of months before they made their choice of program and during several months after the start of the programs. Differentpostdecision strategies for consolidating a prior decision were derived from Differentiation and Consolidation Theory (Svenson, 1992). Thestrategies involved the following postdecision attractiveness restructuring patterns. (1) Reversing an attractiveness disadvantage into anadvantage on a conflict attribute, (2) Compensating for a disadvantage through increase of an advantage of another attribute, (3) Reversingdisadvantage on a conflict and decreasing advantage on non-conflict attribute(s), and (4) Increasing advantage for chosen alternative onall attributes. In addition, (5) downgrading of importance of the conflict attribute or a complete elimination of this attribute is also apossible way of consolidating the prior decision. The results illustrated the above consolidation patterns. A comparison with subjects whomade the same decisions but with no value conflict indicated that postdecision consolidation was largely driven by value conflicts at thetime of decision in conjunction with the outcome of the decision.
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- Wångby, Margit, 1960-
(författare)
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Externalizing and internalizing adjustment problems in teenage girls : a longitudinal study
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present thesis concerns the development of girls' adjustment problems during the adolescent period and into early adulthood. Its main focus is on a) developmental associations between externalizing and internalizing problems; and b) typical patterns of self-perceived adjustment problems in adolescence and their associations with adult maladjustment. Data were taken from the Swedish longitudinal research program "Individual Development and Adaptation" and concerned a sample of about 500 girls, who had been followed prospectively from age 10 to 25. The holistic, interactionistic perspective has provided a meta-theoretical framework for the research presented here. Traditional, variable-oriented methods were alternated with various person-oriented methods, in which patterns of operating factors were focused upon.The results can be summarized as follows. 1) In the early adolescent years, girls' externalizing and internalizing adjustment problems tend to be largely independent phenomena, each following its own developmental course. From middle adolescence and onward, however, girls with externalizing problems show a significantly increased risk of also having internalizing problems. 2) Somatic complaints were found to be part of all multi-problem patterns in middle adolescence, irrespective of whether other problems in the pattern were mainly externalizing or internalizing. It is suggested that such complaints might be utilized as a litmus test for adolescent maladjustment. 3) Despite finding that the adolescent externalizing and internalizing problems of a significant number of girls persist into early adulthood, such a development is in no way inevitable. Rather, the development of adjustment problems in girls appears to be a process open to substantial change during the teenage years - in, it should be emphasized, both a positive and a negative direction. The results presented here will hopefully provide a basis for future studies of the female adjustment process, in which the principles of an interactionistic research paradigm may be more extensively applied.
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| 9. |
- Chinapah, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling the Relationship Between Values, Intentions and Behavior : A Simultaneous LISREL Analysis Over Time
- 1998
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Translation of own norms and perception of parents' and friends' values into actual behaviour were studied in the context of the theory of reasoned action. A LISREL model based on this theory was constructed, and the fit and generalizability of the model tested across gender and time. The same norm questionnaire assessing adolescents' own values, their own intentions and actual behavior and perception of parents' and friends' was administered to two samples of approximately 15-year-old adolescents on two occasions (in 1969 and in 1995, in the same town). A LISREL model with an acceptabel fit was obtained, and its structural parameters indicated a strong relationship between adolescents' own evaluations, own intentions and actual behavior. The model was also tenable acorss gender and time. No significant differences were found between groups across gender and time with regard to the four parameters of the structural part of the model which indicate the relationships bwtween the latent variables.
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| 10. |
- Ahlberg-Hultén, Gunnel, 1952-
(författare)
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Psychological Demands and Decision Latitude Within Health Care Work : Relation to Health and Significance
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The general aim of this thesis is to provide a scientific evaluation of the psychosocial work environment for health care personnel. The theoretical basis is the demand-control model developed by Karasek and Theorell. The model consists of the dimensions psychological demands and decision latitude, the latter is a combination of intellectual discretion and authority over decision.The results in study I indicated that there are strong relationships between job strain, high psychological demands and low decision latitude, and blood pressure during work among health care personnel. In study II, symptoms from the low back were associated with all three dimensions psychological demands, skill discretion and decision authority while symptoms from the neck were related to lack of work support. The results in study III indicated that the combination of somatic and psychiatric care could be associated with higher levels of job strain and psychological symptoms.Study IV showed that substantial changes in working conditions had been frequent in the public sector during the period 1988-1996 and that registered nurses and nurse assistants had very different developments. Registered nurses had got a more intense work environment with increased skill utilization but also increased hindrances to perform work. Nurse assistants on the other hand had experienced decreased skill utilization. Temporary employment and part time work, common among health care personnel with low education, were the factors that explained the greatest part of deterioration of skill utilization and possibility to take part in planning of work. These different trends may negatively influence social climate as these two occupational groups often work together.Study V is a qualitative validation of the demand-control model. The findings showed that the model is equally relevant for women as for men and also relevant for health care personnel. Compared to occupational groups working with either "things" or "symbols" health care personnel experienced higher levels of psychological demands and lower levels of decision latitude.It is concluded that the demand-control scale is relevant for use in studies of psychosocial work environment in health care, possibly supplemented with the effort-reward scale. In order to reach a more solid understanding of the psychosocial work environment, questionnaire data should be combined with qualitatively analyzed interviews. The indications of a deteriorated psychosocial work environment for health care personnel in this and other studies calls for radical changes that promote less psychological demands and more decision latitude within this occupational sector.
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