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| 2. |
- Andersson, Kerstin
(författare)
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Reactions to novelties : Developmental aspects
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present thesis considers different aspects of infants' and children's reactions to novelties, that is, unfamiliar persons, objects, and situations. In Study I, the developmental phenomenon stranger wariness was investigated from a temperamental perspective. Stranger wariness at age 10 months was found to be marginally predicted by 5-month individual variation in reactions to frustration, to sensory stimulation, and to novelties and to be predictive of 2-year social inhibition. These results indicate that 10-month stranger wariness does not only reflect a developmental transition but also an individual disposition to be responsive to social novelties.In line with what has been suggested for the behavioral inhibition construct, Study II showed that 2-year-olds' reactions to social and non-social novelties should be considered as belonging to one construct. Furthermore, the relations within and between latency, negative/inhibited and positive/approaching reactions to social and non-social novelties were found to be very similar, implying that identifying children as uninhibited means that they are disposed not only towards lack of negative/inhibited reactions, but also towards approaching/positive reactions when confronted with novelties. Study III concerned preschool social inhibition in relation to attachment security and social experiences in terms non-parental care. The relative contributions of the three variables to school-age social competence with peers and social self-esteem were also investigated. It was found that attachment security and social inhibition were unrelated to each other and that they made significant independent contributions to the explanation of social competence, whereas social self-esteem was only predicted by preschool social inhibition.
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| 4. |
- Hallsten, Lennart, 1942-
(författare)
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Psykiskt välbefinnande och arbetslöshet : Psykiskt välbefinnande och arbetslöshet : om hälsorelaterad selektion till arbete
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I avhandlingen undersöks orsakssambanden mellan arbetslöshet och psykiskt välbefinnande. I avhandlingens första del presenteras tre förklaringar till sambanden: Förankrings- selektions- och den komplementära hypotesen, tillsammans med ett designbaserat klassificeringssystem för arbetslöshetsstudierna.I den andra delen följs 139 anställda inom Skolöverstyrelsen och fyra länsskolnämnder i en prospektiv undersökning från slutet av 1980-talet fram till mitten av 1990-talet. Mätningar av psykiskt välbefinnande och arbetsmarknadsförankring gjordes vid fyra tillfällen, varav en gång före avvecklingen. Tre år efter avvecklingen hade 70 procent av de uppsagda fått nya fasta arbeten, och flertalet var nöjda med sina nya anställningar. Omkring en procent var öppet arbetslösa. Det psykiska välbefinnandet minskade under avvecklingen, men tre år efter avvecklingen hade välbefinnandet återgått till samma nivåer som före avvecklingen, oberoende av om personerna hade erhållit nytt fast arbete eller ej. Däremot hade en sortering till arbetsmarknaden ägt rum. De med högt psykiskt välbefinnande före avvecklingen hade i högre grad erhållit nya fasta arbeten. Selektionshypotesen erhöll starkast stöd tre år efter avvecklingen, medan den komplementära hypotesen bäst förklarade sambandet mellan psykiskt välbefinnande och arbetslöshet ett år efter avvecklingen. Studien visade därmed att lågt psykiskt välbefinnande både kan vara en orsak till, och en effekt av, arbetslöshet eller svag ställning på arbetsmarknaden.I avhandlingens tredje del presenteras en meta-analys med det dubbla syftet att beskriva sambandet mellan psykisk ohälsa och arbetslöshet samt att pröva de tre hypoteserna på tidigare empiriska data. Meta-analysen genomfördes på studier publicerade 1980-1996. Från internationella databaser erhölls 95 oberoende sampel och 189 effektstorlekar, hämtade från 88622 personer. Effektstorlekarna var heterogena, men i drygt 90 procent av samplen var hälsan bättre för arbetande än för arbetslösa. Den komplementära hypotesen erhöll starkast empiriskt stöd. Den genomsnittliga förankringseffekten, uttryckt i punktbiseriala korrelationer, blev 0,16 medan selektionseffekten blev 0,08. Effektstorlekarna hade samband med undersökningarnas design, undersökningsgrupper och geografiska hemvist. Effekterna ordnades i enlighet med klassificeringssystemet till ett effektfält, som i huvudsak visade intern konsistens. I avhandlingens sista del diskuteras praktiska och forskningsmässiga konsekvenser av resultaten.
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| 5. |
- Jansson, Anders
(författare)
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Strategies and maladaptive behaviours in complex dynamic decision making
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Research on dynamic decision making using so called microworlds has followed two differentapproaches: the German approach of "komplexes Problemlösen" where the central problem has beenseen as that of action control and the dynamic decision making approach, where the central problemhas been seen as that of task control, In this thesis, these approaches are combined in order to seehow people regulate their behaviour so that they can manage to control a complex, opaque anddynamic decision task. The general objective of the thesis is to see how people develop mentalmodels and formulate goals as a function of observability and action possibilities. The results showthat it is not sufficient to give more specific and concrete goals to the subjects. Most subjects fail to reach a satisfactory level of performance anyhow. More important, a number of maladaptivestrategies within many of the subjects seem to be an important determinant for other maladaptivebehaviours and for bad performance. As a consequence, some of the behaviours that previously havebeen regarded as consequences of failure are instead interpreted as consequences of precursors offailure. This conclusion is supported by more empirical evidence, showing that subjects who laterend up with bad performance have received the same kind and amount of information as thosesubjects who end up with better performance. Finally, it is shown that the model enhancementprocess within the subjects is encouraged by experimental instructions that reduce the experiencedopaqueness and complexity of the decision task. Instructions that emphasise a systematic andelaborate procedure affect the experienced opaqueness of the microworld. Instructions that focus ona strategy with goals and plans seem to partly reduce the experienced complexity of the task.
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- Juslin, Patrik N.
(författare)
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A functionalist perspective on emotional communication in music performance
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Music is probably the most widely practiced and appreciated of all art forms. One explanation for this may be that music offers a powerful means of emotional communication. Knowledge is scarce in this matter, however, especially when it comes to performance of music. It may be argued that this problem partly stems from a lack of relevant theories. This thesis proposes a theoretical framework, the Functionalist Perspective, that integrates ideas from research on emotions and nonverbal communication with Brunswik's (1956) Probabilistic Functionalism. The usefulness of this approach is illustrated in three studies:Study I showed that professional guitar players were able to play a piece of music so as to communicate specific emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, anger, fear) to listeners. Acoustical analyses revealed that the performers used a number of probabilistic (i.e., uncertain) but partly redundant cues in the performance to generate the emotional expression.Study II showed that synthesized performances based on the empirical data from Study I yielded predicted judgments of emotional expression from listeners. It was further shown that the listeners used tempo, sound level, articulation, timbre, and tone attacks in their judgments. Linear regression models provided a good fit to listeners' cue utilization.Study III used multiple regression analysis to describe cue utilization of performers and listeners. The two systems were then related by means of the lens model equation. The results showed that (a) about 80% of the variance in listeners' judgments could be explained by the performer's expressive intention, (b) the accuracy of the communication depended mainly on the extent to which the cue weights of the performers matched the cue weights of the listeners, (c) the cue utilization was more consistent across melodies than across performers, and (d) there were cross-modal similarities in code usage between music and vocal expression.It is suggested that music performers may become better at communicating emotions to listeners by comparing their cue utilization, as described by regression models, with optimal models for successful communication based on the cue utilization of listeners. Implications for future research and possible applications for music education are discussed.
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- Kecklund, Lena, 1963-
(författare)
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Studies of safety and critical work situations in nuclear power plants : a human factors perspective
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis was to develop and apply different approaches for analyzing safety in critical work situations in real work settings in nuclear power plants, and also to identify safety enhancing measures by using the framework of interaction between human, organizational and technical subsystems (MTO, man-technology-organization). A Cognitive Psychology as well as a Stress Psychology framework was used. All studies were related to the annual outage operational state where the need for coping with many infrequent tasks, often carried out under high time pressure, puts great strain on the staff and organization of the plant. Furthermore, all studies used self-report measures.In three studies the natural variations in the plant state, normal operation and annual outage operation, were used to explore human performance, work-related factors as well as coping and the operators' own resources and the relationship between them. In the annual outage condition high work demands, decreased sleepiness at night shift, more errors and less satisfaction with work performance quality was reported by maintenance as well as by control room operators. A relationship between high work demands and more organizational problems and reports of more frequent human errors and lower satisfactions with work performance quality was also identified in the annual outage condition. Moreover, a relationship between increased sleepiness during night shift, more frequent use of coping strategies and a higher frequency of human errors was reported.In two studies the Event and Barrier Function Model was applied to analyze the safety of barrier function systems inserted into work process sequences to protect the systems from the negative consequences of failures and errors. The model was also used to assess safety in relation to a technical and organizational change.The last study addressed changes in work performance and work-related factors in relation to a technical and organizational change of a safety significant work process involving increased automation and new staff. Only minor changes in work-related factors and work demands were observed, but after the change satisfaction with work performance decreased and the use of coping strategies increased.The results from the studies in this thesis suggest areas for improvement of the safety in nuclear power plant work situations concerning both work-related factors, barrier functions and the interaction between human, organizational and technical subsystems. The identification of work-related factors associated with human error and degraded work performance may also have implications for safety in other systems with high safety demands such as other process industries, transportation and health care.
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| 8. |
- Kuylenstierna, Jan
(författare)
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Task information and memory aids in the learning of probabilistic inference tasks
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A trend in current decision research is a growing recognition of the "contingent" nature of decision making. Decision behavior is not invariant across normatively equivalent tasks and the use of normative, or non-normative strategies is contingent upon the conditions prevalent in the decision situation. An important research task is therefore to determine what these conditions are. The present thesis is concerned with this problem as it manifests itself in the ability to learn in probabilistic inference tasks. A traditional finding in the study of such learning is that people develop strategies which differ in fundamental ways from the statistical regression strategies required for optimal performance. The purpose of the present thesis was to investigate under what conditions people are likely to change this behavior and develop optimal strategies. Specifically, the aim was to assess how learning of optimal strategies was related to (1) information about the statistical nature of the task, (2) information about the appropriate approach to use in such tasks and (3) access to memory aids. This was accomplished in four studies.The results show that information about the statistical nature of the task is not sufficient for optimal learning. It is necessary to also inform about the appropriate approach. Memory aids are not needed to learn the optimal prediction rule but they are needed to fit and use this rule.The results were interpreted to mean that statistical regression is not part of the layman's repertoire of statistical intuitions.
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| 9. |
- Larsson, Sam
(författare)
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Det andra jaget vid manlig transvestism : Ett jagteoretiskt och kognitionspsykologiskt perspektiv : [a self-theoretical and cognitive psychology perspective]
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is a comprehensive examination of cross dressing among men and providesdescriptive information, a review of the literature and some new research data. The theoreticalpart presents a multidimensional model for the analysis of transvestism. Various theoreticalapproaches are analyzed and a self theory based on a cognitive and transpersonal psychologyperspective is successfully elaborated. Transvestism is viewed as a multidetermined phenomena. One important argument in the model is that transvestism can be seen as an expression of a second self or a feminine self. The feminine self is conceptualized as a subsystem of the self.The empirical section of the thesis contains three different studies. The main part focuseson a qualitative in-depth analysis of a group of twelve transvestites from a cross dressing clubin Sweden, This group of transvestites is also compared with a small group of marginaltransvestites and male-to-female transsexuals. The empirical results give a detailed picture ofthe experiential world of the transvestite and the cognitive and affective changes associatedwith cross dressing. The results confirm previous findings that male transvestism can be seenas an expression of a second self or a feminine self and that cross dressing follows a dynamicpattern from an early "fetishistic stage" to a later "gender identity stage".The second part of the empirical study contains a comparison between treated and untreated male cross-dressers. This comparison was based on an interview study with 92 male members of a cross dressing club in Sweden. Multiple comparisons showed many similarities between the two groups. However, those in the treated group were more often unmarried or divorced, had experienced more difficulties functioning in the male gender role and also seemed to have a more intense identification with the feminine self.The third part of the empirical section reviews the findings from a study of 50 wives andlong-term partners of transvestites in Sweden. The results show both positive, neutral andnegative attitudes in various degrees towards cross dressing and both positive and negativefactors in marriage attributed to transvestism.
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