| 1. |
- Parra, Cristina, et al.
(författare)
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Pavlovian conditioning to social stimuli : Backward masking and the dissociation of implicit and explicit cognitive processes.
- 1997
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Ingår i: European Psychologist. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1016-9040 .- 1878-531X. ; 2:2, s. 106-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 24 university students (average age 22.1 yrs) were conditioned to pictures of angry faces with a mild electric shock unconditioned stimulus/stimuli (UCS). They were then tested with backward masking conditions preventing conscious recognition of the facial stimuli. In the 1st experiment, a shock followed a particular nonmasked angry face exposed among many other faces. Although the Ss did not rate this face as familiar in a subsequent test when it was presented masked among other masked and nonmasked faces, it elicited larger skin conductance responses than did nonshocked control faces. This dissociation between explicit recognition and implicit skin conductance differentiation was replicated in the 2nd experiment, in which the Ss rated their shock expectancy. Although conditioning resulted in much better differentiation between conditioned and control faces during nonmasked than masked test trials, skin conductance differentiation did not differ between the 2 masking conditions.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Esteves, Francisco, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Automatically elicited fear : Conditioned skin conductance responses to masked facial expressions
- 1994
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 8:5, s. 393-413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined automatic elicitation of conditioned skin conductance responses (SCRs), when a backward masking procedure prevented the subject's conscious awareness of the conditioned stimuli (CSs). The CSs were pictures of emotional facial expressions. A differential conditioning procedure was used. One facial expression (e.g. an angry face) was aversively conditioned by a shock unconditioned stimulus, whereas another facial expression (e.g. a happy face) was never presented with the shock. After conditioning, the CSs were presented backwardly masked by a neutral face. This procedure prevented conscious perception of the CS. Nevertheless, reliable differential SCRs were obtained when the CS had been an angry face. This effect, however, was dependent on the subject's direction of attention. When attention was focused on the mask, no differential responding was observed. Thus it was concluded that, when fear-relevant stimuli (angry faces) served as the CS, elicitation of SCRs was automatic in the sense that it was possible even when the subjects were not aware of the stimuli presented. However, it was only partially automatic because the effect was modified by attention.
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| 4. |
- Esteves, Francisco, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Masking the face : Recognition of emotional facial expressions as a function of the parameters of backward masking
- 1993
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 34:1, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four experiments are reported investigating recognition of emotional expressions in very briefly presented facial stimulus. The faces were backwardly masked by neutral facial displays and recognition of facial expressions was analyzed as a function of the manipulation of different parameters in the masking procedure. The main conclusion was that stimulus onset asynchrony between target and mask proved to be the principal factor influencing recognition of the masked expressions. In general, confident recognitions of facial expressions required about 100–150 msec, with shorter time for happy than for angry expressions. The manipulation of the duration of both the target and the mask, by itself, had only minimal effects.
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| 5. |
- Esteves, Francisco, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Nonconscious associative learning : Pavlovian conditioning of skin conductance responses to masked fear-relevant facial stimuli
- 1994
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 31:4, s. 375-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the possibility of nonconscious associative learning in a context of skin conductance conditioning, using emotional facial expressions as stimuli. In the first experiment, subjects were conditioned to a backwardly masked angry face that was followed by electric shock, with a masked happy face as the nonreinforced stimulus. In spite of the effectively masked conditioned stimuli, differential conditioned skin conductance responses were observed in a subsequent nonmasked extinction phase. This effect could not be attributed to differential sensitization or pseudo‐conditioning. In the second experiment, the differential responding during extinction was replicated with angry but not with happy faces as conditioned stimuli. It was concluded that with fear‐relevant facialexpressions as the conditioned stimulus, associative learning was possible even in conditions where the subjects remained unaware of the conditioned stimulus, associative learning was possible even in conditions where the subjects remained unaware of the conditioned stimulus and its relationship to the unconditioned stimulus.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Globisch, Jutta, et al.
(författare)
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Fear appears fast : Temporal course of startle reflex potentiation in animal fearful subjects
- 1999
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 36:1, s. 66-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The temporal course of startle reflex modulation and autonomic response patterns to fear‐relevant and fear‐irrelevant pictures in subjects with high and low levels of animal fear was investigated. Thirty‐eight high‐fear and 48 low‐fear volunteers viewed photos of snakes and spiders and pictures of neutral and pleasant content. The slides were presented for 6 s or for only 150 ms, depending on the group. Acoustic startle probes were presented at five different times after slide onset. Relative potentiation of the startle responses started 300 ms after onset of snake/spider pictures in fearful subjects. This fear‐potentiated startle effect was maintained for the later probe times and was identical in the 150‐ms condition. Fear‐relevant pictures also prompted a sympathetically dominated autonomic response profile in fearful persons. These data support the idea that fear can be activated very rapidly, requiring only minimal stimulus input.
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| 8. |
- Lundqvist, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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The face of wrath : Critical features for conveying facial threat
- 1999
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Ingår i: Cognition & Emotion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0269-9931 .- 1464-0600. ; 13:6, s. 691-711
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the role of different facial features (shape of eyebrows, eyes, mouth, nose, and the direction of gaze) in conveying the emotional impact of a threatening face. In two experiments, a total of 100 high school students rated their impression of two sets of schematic faces in terms of semantic differential scales (Activity, Negative Evaluation, and Potency). It was found that the different facial features could be ordered hierarchically, with eyebrows as the most important feature, followed by mouth and eyes. Eyebrows thus fundamentally categorised faces as threatening or nonthreatening. The different shapes of mouth and eyes provided subsequent categorisations of faces within these primary categories.
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| 9. |
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