| 1. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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The need for new application specific interface elements
- 1993
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Ingår i: Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics 19B, Human Computer Interaction. ; , s. 15-20
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design of user interfaces for skilled workers in professional work settings should be based on style guides that certify efficiency. Most of today's style guides and design guidelines overemphasise general aspects or aspects relevant to novices. To increase efficiency both of the design process and of the resulting interface, more domain specific interface elements should be used. This paper explains the basic ideas of such domain specific style guides and gives some examples from the health care domain.
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| 2. |
- Nygren, Else
(författare)
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Arg fruktsallad, fönstersjukan och andra fenomen
- 1993
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Trots alla fördelar med de nya grafiska gränssnitten blir det inte automatiskt frid och fröjd för en frekvent användare. Det finns det en del problem som fanns med de gamla systemen och som de nya inte löser, dels finns det en del nya problem som kan bli följden av olämplig användning av grafiska gränssnitt. resultat från psykologisk forksning hjälper oss att förstå varför, och vad vi kan göra åt det.
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| 3. |
- Nygren, Else, et al.
(författare)
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Between the clicks: Skilled users scanning of pages.
- 1996
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Ingår i: Designing for the Web: Empirical studies. October 30, 1996, Redmond, WA, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When designing web-pages for intra-net applications the notion of search time become important. In such applications, there are typically a limited set of web-pages which users will traverse frequently. For instance pages including contents lists and lists of links to reference documents. These pages will be scanned many times each day and to achieve efficiency the layout should be chosen to optimize average search time, rather than to optimize legibility for the occasional user. In this paper, we describe some results from a series of experiments on skilled users scanning of a screen display, that are relevant also to web-page design. The effect of variations in page layout features on the average search time was measured. It was found that with a fix page layout, learning takes place so that frequent users develop effective scanning strategies. These strategies are adjusted to the probability of finding interesting information in different locations on the page. It was also found that scanning a horizontal listing of items is slower than scanning a vertical listing of items. Findings further indicate that scanning a single long vertical list is faster than scanning multiple shorter vertical lists. Fixed position is the key to fast scanning. Users learn the location and directs search immediately to the right location on the page. If the target item was given a unique feature, search time was, as expected, significantly decreased. There was no significant difference between the features: colour, shade, space, size and slant.
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| 4. |
- Nygren, Else
(författare)
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Empirical Results relevant to User Interface Design: An overview of the literature
- 1996
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This overview will focus on results from controlled experimental studies that have shown effects that are of interest to user interface design. In an appendix are some pointers to the literature in the field of human-computer interaction.The overview will be limited to the most common type of human-computer interaction. That is: one human interacting with a computer by means of a keyboard, a mouse and a graphic display. Other types of interaction will not be considered here, for instance:* virtual reality* other output devices* other input devices* interaction by command languages* computer supported cooperative work (CSCW)* task analysis* the design processFurthermore the application area concerned will be administrative work in a broad sense. Application areas that will not be considered are, for instance: process control and aviation.
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| 5. |
- Nygren, Else, et al.
(författare)
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Experiments in visual search I: Effects of patterns of highlighted items on list search
- 1995
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- f some of the information items on a structured computer display are highlighted, they can form a figural pattern on the screen. In field studies of computer users at work, we had observed that in some situations, interpretation of a display could be made by mere recognition of such patterns. In two experiments we investigated how figural patterns formed by highlighted items affected search time and visual process ing time in simple decision making tasks. The information items critical for the deci sion were either highlighted and formed a pattern, or, they were not highlighted and no pattern was formed. The results show that search time, as well as visual processing time was significantly and substantially shorter in the pattern conditions compared to the control condition. A model which assumes that highlighting the critical items causes sequential search to be replaced by pattern recognition, predicted the observed response times well. Different methods of highlight: colour; shading; italic font; smaller characters and empty space were equally efficient in reducing search time.
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| 6. |
- Nygren, Else, et al.
(författare)
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Experiments in visual search II: Effects of figural patterns on trend assessment
- 1995
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A common task in many different types of computer work is to scan rows and columns of numerical data and look for trends, increasing or decreasing. In field studies we had observed that skilled users seemed to recognise the figural patterns formed by width variations in columns and use that as a clue in the task of assessing trends. In two experiments we studied assessment of trends. The result show that users can learn to recognise a width variation pattern which is correlated to the presence of a trend, and that recognition of such patterns significantly decrease search time compared to if no such pattern is present. The effect was larger in a vertical orientation compared to a horizontal orientation. Like other studies we also found that scanning for trends gener ally is performed faster in columns than in rows. The findings have implications for the presentation of for instance intensive care data, and process control data, where rows and columns are scanned many times each day.
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| 7. |
- Nygren, Else, et al.
(författare)
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Experiments in visual search III. Effects of patterns of varying probability on scanning strategies
- 1995
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In most real work situations, the probability that an interesting item will be found in a certain position on the screen will be unevenly distributed over the screen area. A fre quent user may learn the probability pattern and adjust his or her scanning strategy to accommodate for this. In an experiment we investigated how scanning strategies were affected by such patterns of unevenly distributed probability. The results showed that users easily learn to adopt their search strategies to patterns of varying probability. The search time was significantly shorter compared to when the probability was evenly distributed over the screen area. Although the subjects in the study were unable to give a correct description of the probability distribution over the screen area, they were nevertheless able to adopt mathematically optimal search strategies.
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| 8. |
- Nygren, Else, et al.
(författare)
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Experiments in visual search IV. Effects of positional correlations on time order assessment
- 1995
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In field studies of computer users at work we had observed that the assessment of order in time between events in graphs and time lists was regarded more effortful in a computerised situation compared to when the same information was read from paper sheets. In an experiment we investigated assessment of order in time between one graph event and one list event. In one condition the time list was presented so that there was a correlation between the position of an event item and the time of the event. In another condition the list was presented without such a correlation. The results show that the task was performed significantly faster if there was a correlation between position and time. This result explains why the computer lists were consid ered effortful to use, since the time lists were presented without any correlation between position and time. in the formerly used paper lists however, there were such a correlation.
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| 9. |
- Nygren, Else
(författare)
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From paper to computer screen: Human information processing and interfaces to patient data.
- 1997
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Ingår i: IMIA WG6 Conference on Natural Language and Medical Concept Representation. January 19-22, 1997, Jacksonville, Florida, USA. ; , s. 317-326
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The information tools in medicine have developed over a long time. There are certain reasons why they look the way they do. In a study of the use of the paper-based versions of these tools in daily practise, some interesting observations were made. Experienced physicians showed to have developed perceptual skills that enabled them to use pattern-recognition as a complement to normal reading. The physicians were unable to give verbal accounts of such skills, but nevertheless, the skills were clearly demonstrated in tests. There are reasons to believe that these skills were crucial to the very efficient information processing observed. The shift of media from paper to screen have some consequences that have to be considered. We need to understand these in order to avoid making things that were easy with the paper-tools more difficult in the computerized media, but also to be able to exploit the possibilities offered by the new media for enhancement of human cognitive skills, such as using dynamical pictorial representations, colours, symbols and other visual codes. Medical concept representation is not only a matter of words and terminology. There is also a need for development of representations (2-D, 3-D, virtual reality) that provide overviews in some specific frequently encountered decision-making situations. Such representations should be rich in information content, elaborated and optimized for fast information extraction. Graphical and visual conventions should be developed, that are standardized within a community of collaborators. The conventions should exploit the new medium and capitalize on the available knowledge on human information processing. This is clearly not made today. As an example, most intensive care systems on the market today, present patient data in a way opposed to known principles of human information processing.
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| 10. |
- Nygren, Else
(författare)
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Grafiska användargränssnitt, några tips
- 1995
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report contains a checklist for finding good and bad points in a graphical user interface. The material is normally used in courses given at CMD to professional user interface developers. In group sessions, the participants practise judging the quality of an interface. Each group work with one aspect only, but judges about 5-6 different applications. The following aspects are treated:* Disposition of the screen area* Menues* Orientation and navigation* Input sequences* Layout* Colour coding etc* Feedback* Icons and buttons* Placement of interface elementsFor each aspect there is an explanatory overview text followed by lists of good and bad points.This report is in Swedish.
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