| 1. |
- Waltman, Max
(författare)
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Prohibiting Purchase of Sex in Sweden : Impact, Obstacles, Potential, and Supporting Escape
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes the core reasons for the Swedish law from 1999 which criminalizes purchase of sex and decriminalizes the prostituted person, passed as part of an omnibus bill against violence against women and recognizing prostitution as a form of it. Further, it documents the law’s impact by comparing data from several recent Swedish studies with the situation in other relevant countries, concluding the law has significantly reduced the occurrence of prostitution manifolds compared to its neighboring countries. Crucial obstacles to effective implementation are also addressed, particularly in current case law. Some of the critique against the law and disinformation about the law’s effects are also commented. Finally, to realize its full potential to support escape from prostitution more efficiently, it is argued that the civil rights of prostituted persons under current law should be strengthened to get damages paid for directly by the tricks/johns for the harm they have contributed to. An additional consideration is for individual states to extend the use of the Palermo Protocol (international law acknowledging connections between prostitution and sex trafficking) to charge tricks for trafficking when they “receive” persons who are effectively pimped.
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| 2. |
- Waltman, Max
(författare)
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Prohibiting Sex Purchasing and Ending Trafficking : The Swedish Prostitution Law
- 2011
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Ingår i: Michigan Journal of International Law. - 1052-2867. ; 33:1, s. 133-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish prostitution law from 1999, now followed by Norway and Iceland, criminalized the purchaser and decriminalized the prostituted person. This is analyzed as a cogent state response under international trafficking law, particularly to the obligations set forth in the United Nation’s Trafficking Protocol from 2000. The Protocol states that a person is regarded a trafficking victim when, e.g., someone abuses her “position of vulnerability” in order to exploit her. International jurisprudence and social evidence strongly suggest that prostitution, as practiced in the world, usually satisfies this definition. Further, the Protocol urges states to reduce the demand for prostitution and to protect and assist victims, for instance by adopting laws deterring purchasers of sex, and by supporting those exploited in prostitution. Policy makers, such as the U.S. Department of State, are criticized for taking an inadequate position in face of the growing evidence from the Swedish law's impact.The article shows that Sweden has significantly reduced the occurrence of trafficking in Sweden compared to neighboring countries. It also scrutinizes some misinformation of the law's impact, showing for instance that claims alleging a more dangerous situation for those still in prostitution after 1999 were unfounded. In addition, the article addresses remaining obstacles to the law's effective implementation, arguing that in order to realize the law's full potential to support escape from trafficking, the civil rights of prostituted persons under current law should be strengthened to enable them to claim damages directly from the purchasers for the harm to which they have contributed, and for the violation of the prostituted persons' equality and dignity - a position now recognized by the government to some extent by clarifying amendments made in 2011.
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| 4. |
- Sandberg, Mikael, 1956-
(författare)
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Soft Power, World System Dynamics, and Democratization : A Bass Model of Democracy Diffusion 1800–2000
- 2011
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Ingår i: JASSS. - Surrey : JASSS. - 1460-7425. ; 14:(1) 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Political scientists seldom translate system terminology into systems analysis. This article uses Polity IV data to probe system dynamics for studies of the global diffusion of democracy from 1800 to 2000. By analogy with the Bass model of diffusion of innovations (1969), as translated into system dynamics by Sterman (2000), the dynamic explanation proposed focuses on transitions to democracy, soft power, and communication rates on a global level. The analysis suggests that the transition from democratic experiences (“the soft power of democracy”) can be estimated from the systems dynamics simulation of an extended Bass model. Soft power, fueled by the growth in communications worldwide, is today the major force behind the diffusion of democracy. Our findings indicate the applicability of system dynamics simulation tools for the analysis of political change over time in the world system of polities.
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| 5. |
- Waltman, Max
(författare)
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Rethinking democracy : legal challenges to pornography and sex inequality in Canada and the United States
- 2010
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Ingår i: Political research quarterly. - Salt Lake City : SAGE Publications. - 1065-9129 .- 1938-274X. ; 63:1, s. 218-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why are democracies unresponsive to well-documented injuries in the production and by the consumption of pornography? Legal challenges to pornography in Canada and the United States in which sexual subordination, not moral notions of "obscenity," were the driving rationale, show democracies inadequately recognizing gender-specific harms. Changes in Canadian obscenity doctrines to account for harm and inequality, in contrast with the U.S. reign of "free speech," did not deliver a corresponding change on the ground. Developments in democratic theory, international law, and the particular U.S.–Canadian legal trajectory, and consideration of the void of institutions articulating the interests of those victimized in and by pornography, suggest the need to adopt empowering civil remedies.
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| 6. |
- Waltman, Max, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Stärk prostituerade personers möjlighet att kräva skadestånd
- 2011
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- GÖTEBORGS-POSTEN 10 Maj, 2011, DebattI sexköpsmål betalar köparen i dag främst böter till staten och prostituerade personer kallas endast som vittnen. Möjligheten för prostituerade människor att yrka skadestånd finns, men har aldrig använts sen lagen kom till. Vi vill se en utredning som ser över hur deras förutsättningar för skadestånd kan förbättras, skriver bland andra Carina Hägg (S).
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| 9. |
- Sandberg, Mikael
(författare)
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Politiska och ekonomiska "uttrycksarters" uppkomst genom institutionell selektion : Några steg mot en evolutionär politisk ekonomi
- 2000
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Ingår i: Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift. - Lund : Fahlbeckska stiftelsen. - 0039-0747. ; 103:2, s. 115-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The origin of political- economic action by means of institutional selection: Some steps toward an evolutionary political economics. This essay takes some initial steps toward an evolutionary political economics by proposing to consider social, political, economic and cultural action subject to (a) variation, (b) (institutional) selection, and (c) ‘inheritence’ in tradition, experience, investments, etc., i.e. the three preconditions for a ‘social action evolution’ of Darwinian type. It draws from a number of conceptual sources, including dynamic and non-linear models in political science, sociology, economics, economic history, research policy, and most notably 'memetics' (i.e. the new discipline created on the basis of Richard Dawkins' theory of 'memes' - culturgenes - in The Selfish Gene 1976 and The Extended Phenotype 1982), however in this text divorced from the socio-biological notion of ‘culture’ as subordinated to biology. A number of propositions are made on the basis of analogies with theoretical biology however, e.g. an analogy between Robert Dahl's theory of paths toward polyarchy (democratization) and Sewall Wright's theory of adaptive landscapes; a solution to the problem of Lamarckian evolution-of-institutions and innovations as suggested by Douglass North and other prominent scholars in evolutionary and institutional economics and technology policy; the question of rapid innovation 'arms races'; and a memetic interpretation of Schumpeterian ‘new combinations’. Since the adoption of this approach equals a paradigm shift also for political science, and we are all'interested in what such a paradigm shift will bring to our discipline, an analogy is made with Nico Tinbergen's ‘Four Evolutionary Questions Why’, i.e. his strategy for developing ethology as a new approach in biology.
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