| 1. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(författare)
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Effective Corporate Tax Rates and the Size Distribution of Firms
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade. - : Springer. - 1566-1679 .- 1573-7012. ; 10:3-4, s. 297-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the effects of effective corporate tax rates on the size distribution of firms. In modelling this relationship we account for conditional variables as well as unobservable time and industry effects. A number of hypotheses are tested concerning heterogeneity in the impact of effective corporate tax rates on the size distributions of firms with regard to firm size class, industry and time. The results are based on data covering the whole Swedish economy for the period 1973–2002. The descriptive results suggest that effective corporate tax rates differ by firm size, industry and over time. Application of t-tests demonstrate inequality in mean and variance of effective corporate tax rates between major size classes but not within major size classes: smaller firms report a higher effective corporate tax rate than larger firms. The t-tests also demonstrate inequality in mean and variance of effective corporate tax rates between industrial sectors: service sector reports a higher effective corporate tax rate than production sector. The regressions show effective corporate tax rates to have: a negative effect on the size distribution of large firms, negative effect on transportation, financing and service sector and a positive effect on manufacturing, electricity and on production sector. We conclude that effective corporate tax rates affect the size distribution of firms as well as the composition of industries.
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| 2. |
- Feiz, Roozbeh, et al.
(författare)
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Avfall kan omvandlas till en ny resurs
- 2016
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Ingår i: Svenska Dagbladet. - Stockholm. - 1101-2412.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Om gruv- och stålindustrin menar allvar med att öka det egna medvetandet om vad som är cirkulärt, så måste omställningen börja nu. Det skriver debattörer i en slutreplik om kalkbrytningen på Gotland.
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| 3. |
- Feiz, Roozbeh, et al.
(författare)
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Ojnareskogen en möjlighet för industrin
- 2016
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Ingår i: Svenska Dagbladet. - Stockholm. - 1101-2412.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Ett Natura 2000-område på Gotland – som sätter stopp för kalkbrytning – kan öppna upp för en omställning av svensk basindustri. Kalk är viktig för industrin. Men mineralerna behöver inte nödvändigtvis tas från jordskorpan, skriver nio forskare.
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| 4. |
- Lööf, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge capital and performance heterogeneity : A firm-level innovation study
- 2002
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Economics. - : Elsevier B.V. - 0925-5273 .- 1873-7579. ; 76:1, s. 61-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is an empirical analysis of knowledge capital and performance heterogeneity at the firm level. We apply new econometric methods to extensive data on innovation and innovative activities in Swedish manufacturing. A number of interesting results emerge. First, the results show that knowledge capital, defined as the ratio of innovation sales to total sales, is found to be a significant factor contributing to performance heterogeneity among firms. This relationship holds even when we control for human capital, type of output, firm size. and the entry. merger., partial closure or exit of firms. Second. knowledge capital rises with innovation input. the firm's internal knowledge for innovation, and co-operation on innovation with domestic universities. Third, when controlling for differences in innovation investments and human capital, knowledge-intensive firms are not more innovative than labor-intensive or capital-intensive firms. Fourth, organizational rigidities in innovation projects and a lack of appropriate investment sources for innovative activities are found to have a negative impact on productivity. Finally, we find a positive association between an outspoken aggressive innovation strategy, customers and a firm's internal resources for innovation and the size of innovation investment.
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| 5. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(författare)
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An assessment of the Swedish health system’s efficiency during the Covid-19 pandemic
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Healthcare Management. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2047-9700 .- 2047-9719. ; 16:3, s. 336-352
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Countries’ success in managing the Covid-19 pandemic was independent of their level of education or development and institutional quality. Similarly, different provinces in countries performed differently as compared to their neighboring provinces and the country. This study assesses the efficiency of Sweden’s different municipalities in managing the Covid-19 pandemic. Its aim is determining whether the relative efficiency of Sweden’s primary healthcare system during the Covid-19 pandemic was different in different in regions and whether the regions can learn from each other to improve their efficiency in the provision of healthcare in the future. Performance is measured as efficiency in keeping the number of infected cases and deaths low. We use a data envelopment analysis for measuring efficiency. Variations in the level of efficiency are attributed to the differences in the municipalities’ demography, population concentration, economic and industrial structures, labor markets, geographic locations, and national and local policies during the pandemic. The empirical part is based on a panel of the population of 290 Swedish municipalities observed on a weekly basis during April 2020 to February 2021. The results show large variations in municipalities’ performance that can, to some extent, be attributed to their observable socioeconomic, locational, and demographic characteristics.
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| 6. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement and analysis of urban infrastructure and its effects on urbanization in China
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Infrastructure Systems. - : American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). - 1076-0342 .- 1943-555X. ; 26:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies urbanization in China using composite indices of urban infrastructure. It has two objectives. First, it computes a multidimensional composite index of urban infrastructure for ranking 31 provinces and six regions in China by their level of urbanization and infrastructure development during the period 2005-2014. The infrastructure index is composed of 15 components: consumption, culture, economic, education, employment, environment, finance, human development, health, housing, social security, social services, technology, transport, and utilities. Second, the paper estimates the effects of the aggregate urban infrastructure index and its underlying components on urbanization levels. Our empirical results suggest that provincial and regional disparities are significant and allocations for urban infrastructure are not balanced between the different provinces and regions. Guangdong and Tibet have the highest and lowest values of urban infrastructure respectively while the Eastern and Southeastern regions have the highest and lowest urbanized populations, respectively. One policy implication of these results is that each province should implement a different urbanization plan based on its own characteristics and the resources available. The central government should improve the allocation of resources and the location of key industries between poor and rich provinces. Our estimation results indicate that the economics, employment, human development, health, housing, security, utilities, and technology components of urban infrastructure had positive and significant effects on China's urbanization. We suggest that the government should guide investments to more efficient transportation systems that include all age cohorts. After discussing the findings and how they are reached, this paper concludes by providing policy recommendations for city planners and policymakers.
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| 7. |
- Tausch, Arno, et al.
(författare)
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Labour migration and ‘Smart Public Health’
- 2014
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Ingår i: History & Mathematics. - Volgograd : ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House. - 9785705742233
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Public health research debates for two decades the effects of inequality on public health. More recent research also considered the additional effects of international trade and world economic openness. These investigations analyse public health outcomes in such terms as infant mortality rates, life expectancies, etc. But with the growing environmental crisis, ideas to weigh economic or social or public health progress by the ‘environmental input’ necessary to achieve it are increasingly gaining acceptance. We might call such a weighting of infant mortality rates, or life expectancies by the ‘environmental input’ necessary to achieve them ‘smart public health’. Which factors of social organization now contribute then to a responsible use of the resources of our planet Earth to achieve ‘smart public health’?We use standard OLS non-linear regressions of ecological footprints per capita and their square on combined public health performances. The residuals from this regression are our new measure of ‘smart public health’.Our research results suggest that not inequality, but migration is a very important determinant of ‘smart public health’. Migration sending countries find it relatively easy to enjoy combined good public health performances at a relatively small environmental price. Other drivers of ‘smart public health’ are the share of a country's population in world population, and the UNDP education index. The main bottleneck of ‘smart public health’ is constituted by the crowding-out effect of public education expenditures on smart health performance.In contrast to earlier research, we come to the conclusion that migration sending countries reap substantial benefits from receiving worker remittances, while inequality and globalization indicators hardly affect the smart public health performance of the sample countries (all countries with available data).
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| 8. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(författare)
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Generality, State Neutrality and Unemployment in the OECD
- 2013
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Ingår i: Global Economy Journal. - : De Gruyter. - 1524-5861 .- 2194-5659 .- 1553-5304. ; 13:3, s. 333-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to Buchanan and Congleton (1998. Politics by Principle, Not Interest: Towards Nondiscriminatory Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), the generality principle in politics blocks special interests. Consequently, the generality principle should thereby promote economic efficiency. This study tests this hypothesis on wage formation and labor markets, by investigating whether generality defined as state neutrality could explain employment performance among OECD countries during 1970–2003. We identify three types of non-neutrality concerning unemployment. These include the level or degree of government interference in the wage bargaining process over and above legislation which facilitates mutually beneficial wage agreements, the constrained bargaining range (meaning the extent to which the state favors or blocks certain outcomes of the bargaining process), and the cost shifting (which relates to state interference shifting the direct or indirect burden of costs facing the parties on the labor market). Our overall hypothesis is that non-neutrality or non-generality increases unemployment rates. The empirical results from the general conditional model suggest that government intervention and a constrained bargaining range clearly increase unemployment, while a few of the cost shifting variables have unexpected effects. The findings thus give some, but definitely not unreserved, support for the generality principle as a method to promote economic efficiency. One implication may be that the principle should be amended by other requirements if the political process shall indeed be able to promote economic efficiency.
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| 9. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(författare)
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Green innovations and patents in OECD countries
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Green transition is important for the economics of the OECD countries and their transition to cleaner production. This paper estimates a knowledge production function consisting of a system of innovation inputs, innovation outputs, and productivity with feedback effect from productivity on innovation investments. The model accounts for productivity shock, endogeneity of inputs, and their simultaneity and interdependence. Productivity shock is a latent unobserved component that is specified in terms of observable factors. The model is estimated using Bayesian methods organized around Marco Chain Sequential Monte Carlo iteration techniques also known as Particle Filtering. For the empirical part, the paper uses balanced panel data covering 27 OECD countries' green innovation and patents activities observed during the period 1990–2018. Our empirical results show evidence of significant heterogeneity in productivity and its relationship with its identified determinants. The paper also discusses the implications of these results for OECD countries’ green growth strategies.
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| 10. |
- Kim, T. -Y, et al.
(författare)
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Decelerating agricultural society : Theoretical and historical perspectives
- 2010
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Ingår i: Technological forecasting & social change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1625 .- 1873-5509. ; 77:3, s. 479-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In general, societies are divided into agricultural and industrial types. This study presents theoretical and historical perspectives on decelerating agricultural societies. Agricultural demand and supply play major roles in society development. Three descriptions of an agricultural society and theories of its deceleration patterns are presented: the neo-classical production function, stage theory, and induced innovation. Two important cases of decelerating agricultural societies and their ultimate replacement by industrial societies, medieval Europe and nineteenth- and twentieth-century United States, are examined. The limitations of decelerating agricultural societies with a focus on structural problems, impacts of industrial structure, and problems of agriculture in market and non-market areas, are also discussed. The position of agriculture as described by economic development theory is established by analyzing the stages of economic development, the theory of structural change, and the theory of leading industry. Finally, the transition from an agricultural to a commercial society is described with a focus on the formation, development, value creation, and structural limitations of a commercial society. ©2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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