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| 2. |
- Andersson, Kerstin
(författare)
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Reactions to novelties : Developmental aspects
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present thesis considers different aspects of infants' and children's reactions to novelties, that is, unfamiliar persons, objects, and situations. In Study I, the developmental phenomenon stranger wariness was investigated from a temperamental perspective. Stranger wariness at age 10 months was found to be marginally predicted by 5-month individual variation in reactions to frustration, to sensory stimulation, and to novelties and to be predictive of 2-year social inhibition. These results indicate that 10-month stranger wariness does not only reflect a developmental transition but also an individual disposition to be responsive to social novelties.In line with what has been suggested for the behavioral inhibition construct, Study II showed that 2-year-olds' reactions to social and non-social novelties should be considered as belonging to one construct. Furthermore, the relations within and between latency, negative/inhibited and positive/approaching reactions to social and non-social novelties were found to be very similar, implying that identifying children as uninhibited means that they are disposed not only towards lack of negative/inhibited reactions, but also towards approaching/positive reactions when confronted with novelties. Study III concerned preschool social inhibition in relation to attachment security and social experiences in terms non-parental care. The relative contributions of the three variables to school-age social competence with peers and social self-esteem were also investigated. It was found that attachment security and social inhibition were unrelated to each other and that they made significant independent contributions to the explanation of social competence, whereas social self-esteem was only predicted by preschool social inhibition.
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| 4. |
- Lindgren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Directed forgetting, event-related potentials and nicotine
- 1999
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Ingår i: Human Psychopharmacology. - 0885-6222 .- 1099-1077. ; 14, s. 19-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fifteen male users of oral snuff performed a directed forgetting task after over-night abstinence and after administration of oral snuff. Directed forgetting tasks use cues to classify items for differential reporting at test, emphasising the need for strategic encoding. Recognition was better after nicotine administration, but we found no evidence for greater strategic control, as hypothetically reflected in successful compliance with the directed forgetting instructions. Reaction time decreased after nicotine administration. Performance among fifteen controls was unaffected over two sessions.
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- Rimmö, Per-Arne
(författare)
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Modelling self-reported aberrant driving behaviour
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The highly complex behaviour involved in driving a vehicle may be viewed as a form of action control in a potentially hazardous traffic system. Behavioural adaptation to the traffic system is imperfect, as is sometimes reflected in mishaps and road traffic accidents. Although most erroneous actions caused by a driver are recovered, a driver error may, under unlucky circumstances, result in an accident. Most erroneous actions by a driver are perfectly natural components in action control. However, errors may also appear as deviations from correct actions because of biases in the cognitive and perceptual systems. The present thesis suggests that investigation of the latter type of error affords a greater understanding of driving behaviour. The feasibility of modelling self-reported everyday aberrant driving behaviour was clearly demonstrated in three studies. Four types of aberration were identified: violations (e.g., exceeding the speed limit), mistakes (e.g., misjudgement of the gapwhen overtaking), inattention errors (e.g., failure to observe traffic signs and signals), and inexperience errors (e.g., preparing to reverse while using a forward gear). Male drivers, especially young males, were more prone than women drivers in violating formal and informal traffic rules. Moreover, young drivers experienced more mistakes than older drivers. In contrast, older drivers suffered from inattention errors. Finally, women made more inexperience errors than men. A model comprising these four types of error was shown to be an approximate fit relative to the age and gender of the driver. In the third study the concept of sensation seeking, the preference for risk-taking experiences, and aberrant driving behaviour were investigated in young drivers. Violations, mistakes, and sensation seeking were found to be valid, direct or indirect, predictors of self-reported apprehensionfor traffic offences and accident involvement. It is postulated that the approach taken in the present thesis, to model aberrant driving behaviour, provides an overview of various aberrant driving behaviours prevalent at different stages in the individual's lifetime, behaviours that may be important precursors of traffic offences and accident involvement.
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- Servin, Anna
(författare)
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Sex differences in children's play behavior : A biological construction of gender?
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present thesis addressed the question of what causes sex differences in children's play behavior.In Study I, it was found that mothers have rather sex-stereotyped expectations for how their 1- and 3-year-old children will behave at the age of five, as regards sex-typed activities. The parents' wishes, however, were less stereotyped, even if they differed significantly depending on the sex of the child. In Study II, where girls and boys at 1, 3, and 5 years of age were studied, and Study III, where girls and boys at 6, 9, 12 months of age were studied, in two different structured play situations, sex differences in toy play were observable already at the age of 12 months. In Study IV, the play behavior of girls affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAB) was studied. Their play was compared with that of non-affected girls. A clear dose-response relationship was found between prenatal androgen levels (genotype) and toy preferences. Parents' participation did not affect the children's play; A questionnaire showed that although parents of girls with CAH expected and described more masculine interests, their wishes were not different from those of parents of non-affected girls.The results are discussed in terms of how biology can affect such specific behaviors as toy play. It is suggested that evolution has provided the biological base for the observed sex differences, and probably for general sex differences between girls and boys, and women and men.
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| 7. |
- Stenberg, Rebecca
(författare)
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Organisationslogik i samverkan : konsten att organisera samverkan i en imaginär organisation av offentliga aktörer
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the study was to understand what it means for different public organizational actors to cooperate in an imaginary organization, transcending formal organizational boundaries. A qualitative case study was conducted in an organization composed of four public organizations in the welfare sector. Data was generated with ethnographic methods and analyzed with narrative hermeneutics. The study's conclusion is that actors at different organizational levels based their understanding, decisions, and actions on different forms of organizational logic. The organizational logic differences led to misunderstandings, conflicts, and paradoxes in the organizing and put middle management at the intersection between the logic differences. The differences can however be viewed as natural elements of dynamic cooperative organizing. Imaginary organizing of cooperation between actors can thereby be viewed as an act of balancing between too much pluralism, autonomy, and conflicts on the one hand, and too much conformity and consensus on the other. Also between being too intangible, failing to create shared conceptions and being too formal, constructing new organizational borders to overcome. It is suggested that an imaginary organization of cooperation can be achieved if organized as a framework of shared conceptions, and if multiple activities and logic differences are integrated with the aid of an imaginary leadership.
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| 8. |
- Westerberg, Kristina, 1953-
(författare)
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Collaborative networks among female middle managers in a hierarchical organization
- 1999
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Ingår i: Computer Supported Cooperative Work. - Neteherlands : KLuwer Academic Publishers. - 0925-9724 .- 1573-7551. ; 8:1/2, s. 95-114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- I present empirical findings from an observational study of female municipal middlemanagers who are home help assistants in elder care. The observations showed that the home helpassistants’ sphere of activity was influenced by two distinct patterns: the official line organizationand the invisible horizontal social network. I first give a brief description to the immediate backgroundof the present study. Then I describe the line organization and give two empirical examplesof information exchange where the practical implication of the line organization at different levelsis visible. However, the study also revealed another pattern opposed to the line organization, calledthe horizontal network. I will give an empirical example of an incident that illustrates how the homehelp assistants use a social network to solve problems and to make judgments. The study showed thatthese networks are not persistent – they are rebuilt depending upon context. Members of the networkcan be people both within and outside the municipal organization. Decisions and problem solving arethus conducted in a process of interaction and negotiations with other people. The social networks arenot visible in the official organizational description. Still they form the foundation for the home helpassistants’ work and influence their ideas of how the work should be conducted. Finally I discusssome implications of the line organization and the social network and the possible consequenceswhen introducing new technology, i.e., computers in work. In this case the computers were plannedto support the line organization but not the work practice of social networks.
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| 9. |
- Östberg, Monica
(författare)
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Parenting stress : Conceptual and methodological issues
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- High parenting stress has been connected with negative consequences for both parent and child. The aim of the present thesis was to examine factors contributing to high stress, and to develop a psychometrically sound, reliable, and valid instrument for measuring parenting stress. Self-reported parenting stress was investigated using a revised Swedish version of the Parent Domain of the American Parenting Stress Index. Dimensionality was examined in factor analyses (FA) on data from a nation-wide representative sample and cross-validated on another sample. Based on FA, new subscales, measuring different aspects of parents' perception of stress in their parenting role, were constructed. High internal consistencies, as well as a good stability over amean interval of 30 days, were found.Different aspects of construct validity were examined in four samples. Mothers in a clinical sample indicated higher levels of parenting stress compared to fathers in the same families, and to mothers in a normal sample. A multidimensional model of determinants of parenting stress was tested and cross-validated using a structural equation modeling procedure. The results provided general support for the proposed model, and socialsupport was shown to have both a direct and a moderating influence on parenting stress.Within the examined age-range (6 months to 3 years), child gender or age did not relate to parenting stress. Older, less educated and single mothers reported more stress. A higher stress experience was also associated with more caretaking hassles, psychosocial problems, high work load and low social support. Mothers with high stressreported more depressive mood and were judged to be more unresponsive to their children; they also regarded their children as more temperamentally difficult. Clinical implications conserning the use of the scale in intervention contexts were discussed.
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