| 1. |
- Deventer, Marie H., et al.
(författare)
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In vitro cannabinoid activity profiling of generic ban-evading brominated synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and their analogs
- 2024
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Ingår i: Drug Testing and Analysis. - : WILEY. - 1942-7603 .- 1942-7611. ; 16:6, s. 616-628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following the enactment of a generic ban in China in 2021, the synthetic cannabinoid market has been evolving, now encompassing even wider structural diversity. Compounds carrying a brominated core such as ADB-5 Br-BUTINACA (ADMB-B-5Br-INACA) and tail-less analogs, such as ADB-5 Br-INACA (ADMB-5Br-INACA), MDMB-5 Br-INACA, and ADB-INACA (ADMB-INACA), have been detected since late 2021. This study investigated the cannabinoid receptor (CB) activation potential of synthesized (S)-enantiomers of these substances, as well as of two predicted analogs MDMB-5 Br-BUTINACA (MDMB-B-5Br-INACA) and ADB-5 F-BUTINACA (ADMB-B-5F-INACA), using CB1 and CB2 beta-arrestin 2 recruitment assays and a CB1 intracellular calcium release assay. Surprisingly, the tail-less (S)-ADB-5 Br-INACA and (S)-MDMB-5 Br-INACA retained CB activity, albeit with a decreased potency compared to their tailed counterparts (S)-ADB-5 Br-BUTINACA and (S)-MDMB-5 Br-BUTINACA, respectively, which were potent and efficacious CB1 agonists. Also, at CB2, tail-less analogs showed a lower potency but increased efficacy. Removing the bromine substitution ((S)-ADB-INACA) resulted in a reduced activity at CB1; however, this effect was less prominent at CB2. Looking at tailed analogs, replacing the bromine with a fluorine substitution ((S)-ADB-5 F-BUTINACA) resulted in an increased potency and efficacy at both receptors. Furthermore, as ADB-5 Br-INACA and MDMB-5 Br-INACA have been frequently detected together in Scottish prisons, this study also evaluated the CB1 receptor activation potential of different mixtures of their respective reference standards, showing no unexpected cannabimimetic effect of combining both substances. Lastly, two powders seized by Belgian Customs and confirmed to contain ADB-5 Br-INACA and MDMB-5 Br-INACA, respectively, were assessed for CB activity. Based on the comparison with their reference standards, varying degrees of purity were suspected. The enactment of the Chinese generic ban (2021) has majorly impacted the SCRA market, exemplified by the recent emergence of tail-less compounds and substances with a brominated core. CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid activity of six analogs was assessed using beta arr2 recruitment and Ca2+ release assays. Absence of a tail moiety still yielded cannabinoid activity albeit with lower potency, whereas tailed analogs were highly efficacious.image
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| 2. |
- Katsivalis, Ioannis, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Strength analysis and failure prediction of thin tow-based discontinuous composites
- 2024
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Ingår i: Composites Science And Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0266-3538 .- 1879-1050. ; 245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tow Based Discontinuous Composites (TBDCs) are a new class of composite materials which combine in-plane isotropy, high strength and stiffness and enhanced manufacturability. However, due to their complicated micro-architecture, characterising the performance of these materials and predicting their response is challenging. This work develops a complete experimental and analytical framework which identifies all the key properties in the performance of the TBDCs, characterises them experimentally and builds an analytical predictive tool for both the stiffness response and the strength of the TBDC material. Fractography is also utilised to identify the damage mechanisms and correlate them with the analytical predictions. A parametric study is developed which shows the critical effect that the tape thickness and mode II fracture toughness have on the TBDCs. Finally, the performance of the material is compared to similarly developed TBDCs from the literature and shows the significant strength and stiffness increases recorded through the combination of the thin high-modulus tapes and the increased fibre volume fractions.
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| 3. |
- Ollas, Patrik, Tekn. Dr. 1987-
(författare)
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Buildings' Transition to Active Nodes: Assessing the Viability of DC Distribution, PV and Battery Storage
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Historically, buildings have been passive nodes in the electric grid system with one-way power flows. However, with the recent market development of solar photovoltaic (PV) and stationary behind-the-meter battery storage systems, buildings are now transitioning to active nodes, offering bi-directional power flows. Various system topologies and modelling aspects are of interest for these active nodes and their viability. This thesis compares internal building direct current (DC) distribution with the conventional alternating current (AC) distribution for single-family and office buildings. For both building types, the geographical location is altered to examine the effect of PV and load correlation on the DC performance. The energy loss over a year and the loss distribution across various components are examined for three DC topologies, including one with constant power electronic converter (PEC) efficiencies, to quantify the loss discrepancy to experimentally derived PEC efficiency characteristics. Using constant efficiencies for a single-family building underestimates the annual losses by 34% (63 kWh/a). With load-dependant PEC efficiencies and without battery storage, DC operation shows no performance enhancements compared to AC. Depending on the studied case, DC operation results in loss savings, −16.3 to −43.6% with PV and battery.Two methods are proposed to reduce the grid-tied converter (GC) losses from partial load operation. One method—a modular GC design consisting of a smaller and a larger GC—is modelled for two cases: a single-family building and an office building, and presents an optimal GC size configuration of 15/85%. The loss savings relative to AC operations for a 15/85% configuration are 26% for the single-family building and 15–40% for the office. The savings depend on the office’s location and system design (PV and battery sizing). For the offices, the effect on DC loss savings is examined via a parametric sweep by varying PV and battery sizes, with resulting savings up to 40% (−12.8 MWh/a) compared to AC operation. The results highlight the effect of GC sizing on the DC performance, the effect of battery storage, and how the PV and load correlation affects the DC performance.Furthermore, a battery model is derived from experimental measurements of the cell’s current—resistance and open-circuit voltage (OCV)—state-of-charge (SOC) dependencies. The battery model is verified against the measured voltage with good compliance (RMSE<7 mV). Three representations—including the round trip efficiency approximation—are compared for annual battery system losses. The results indicate that the cell’s losses—making up 22–45% of losses for the examined case—and that the internal resistance’s current dependency is essential for an accurate representation. The loss discrepancy for the round trip approximation varies between −5% to 29%, relative to the experimentally derived representation, depending on the modelled battery size.The role of PV and battery storage for an airport micro grid is examined in a forward-looking case with electric aviation (EA) and electric vehicles (EVs). Seven scenarios are studied, including four with battery storage and different operation algorithms. One of the algorithms is a novel operation combining self-consumption (SC) and peak power shaving. Compared to the current situation, the techno-economic evaluation shows a significant increase in energy (89.4%) and power (+1 MW) demands from EA and EV. For the nominal battery price and peak power tariff (Ct), the novel operation shows the shortest Payback Period (PBP) of 4.8 years for the battery scenarios. With varying battery prices and peak power tariffs, the sensitivity analysis shows that Ct can significantly affect the PBP.Lastly, the effect of PV module operating temperature on performance is empirically evaluated and quantified for seven arrays from annual operation. For the Building–Applied PV (BAPV) c-Si modules, the elevated operating temperature adds 1% to the total losses and 2% for the c-Si Building–Integrated PV (BIPV). Examining the results of SC and self-sufficiency (SS) verifies the correlation between SC and power rating and introduces the correlation between SS and annual yield, considering the effect of system design, level of roof integration and PV cell type. For this case study, comparing two systems with and without battery storage shows the weekly variation in SS and SC and highlights the drawback of single-objective dispatch.
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| 4. |
- Persson, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of neurotransmitter inhibition for seven cathinones by a proprietary fluorescent dye method
- 2024
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Ingår i: Drug Testing and Analysis. - : WILEY. - 1942-7603 .- 1942-7611. ; 16:4, s. 339-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many new psychoactive substances (NPS) are stimulants, and information about their potency and abuse potential is often lacking. To start addressing this need, a method measuring the inhibition of the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporters (DAT, SERT, and NET) by stimulant drugs was developed. The use of a proprietary fluorescent dye mixture and three cell lines (CHO-K1, HEK 293, and MDCK), each expressing a single transporter, allowed for a semiautomated, one-pot determination of inhibition in a 384-well format. The method was validated using well characterized stimulants, including cocaine, amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), & alpha;-PVP, and fluoxetine and performed similarly to other methods. Seven synthetic cathinones all showed highest potency for DAT inhibition, followed by NET and SERT. The rank potency for DAT inhibition IC50 (nM) was MPHP (4.53) > 4Cl-& alpha;-PVP (8.05) > 3F-& alpha;-PVP (12.7) > & alpha;-PiHP (13.4) > N-ethylpentylone (16.9) > N-ethylhexedrone (44.5) > 4-methylpentedrone (261). All but 4-methylpentedrone were more potent than amphetamine (257) and cocaine (111). The DAT/SERT inhibition ratio for the cathinones was in the range from 5.02 for 4-methylpentedrone to >3730 for & alpha;-PiHP, compared to 1.64 for cocaine and >4030 for & alpha;-PVP. All seven substances had inhibition profiles similar to those of potent stimulants with high abuse potential.
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| 5. |
- Schwelm, Hannes Max, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmacological profile, phase I metabolism, and excretion time profile of the new synthetic cathinone 3,4-Pr-PipVP
- 2024
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Ingår i: Drug Testing and Analysis. - : WILEY. - 1942-7603 .- 1942-7611. ; 16:3, s. 277-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1-(2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (3,4-Pr-PipVP), a novel synthetic cathinone (SCat), was first identified in 2022 in Germany. The product was marketed as 1-(bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-3-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (3,4-EtPV), a substance not covered by the German New Psychoactive Substances Act (NpSG). Although originally intended to be an exploratory new synthetic cathinone containing the novel bicyclo[4.2.0]octatrienyl function, the compound was subsequently confirmed to contain an indanyl ring system scheduled under generic legislation like the NpSG. However, it is one of only a few marketed SCats carrying a piperidine ring. Inhibition experiments involving norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin transporters showed that 3,4-Pr-PipVP was a low potency blocker at all three monoamine transporters compared to related substances such as MDPV. Additionally, pharmacokinetic data were collected from pooled human liver microsomes incubations and from the analysis of authentic urine samples received after oral administration of 5 mg 3,4-Pr-PipVP hydrochloride. Phase I metabolites were tentatively identified in vitro and in vivo using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Main metabolites were formed by metabolic reduction of the carbonyl function with and without additional hydroxylations at the propylene bridge of the molecule. Keto-reduced H-2-3,4-Pr-PipVP and H-2-piperidine-OH-3,4-Pr-PipVP as well as aryl-OH-3,4-Pr-PipVP, and indanyl-OH-piperidine-OH-3,4-Pr-PipVP are suggested as most suitable biomarkers for the detection of 3,4-Pr-PipVP since they were detected for much longer than the parent compound. 3,4-Pr-PipVP could be detected for up to 21 h whereas its metabolites were detectable for up to about 4 days.
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| 6. |
- Björnsson, Lars-Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Laddinfrastruktur och frekvensreglering : en fallstudie
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- För att elnätet ska fungera måste frekvensen hållas inom snäva gränser och därför handlar Svenska Kraftnät upp olika typer av stödtjänster för frekvensreglering. De senaste åren har kostnaderna för dessa tjänster ökat kraftigt, bland annat till följd av en allt högre andel intermittent elproduktion. Behoven är prognostiserade att öka ytterligare under de kommande åren. Detta har skapat ett ökat intresse för batterier och deras möjligheter att stödja elnätet. Men batterier och tillhörande kraftelektronik är kostsamt. Samtidigt finns en stor och alltjämt växande batterikapacitet i landets elbilar och med hjälp av dubbelriktad laddning, så kallad vehicle-to-grid öppnas nya möjligheter att komma åt denna potential för att på ett mer resurseffektivt sätt balansera elnätet. Projektets övergripande mål har varit att utreda hur standardisering kan användas för att påskynda och öka användandet av elbilar som resurs för flexibilitetstjänster till elnätet. Bland annat har en fallstudie genomförts av Axess Logistics anläggning i Malmö hamn och möjligheterna för att deras långtidsparkerade elbilar ska kunna leverera frekvensreglering till elnätet har studerats. Resultaten visar på att studerade standarder i stort inte utgör ett direkt hinder för användandet av elbilar för frekvensreglering men att förändringar av exempelvis ISO15118 skulle kunna öka möjligheterna att använda elbilar för att leverera frekvensreglering. Till exempel genom införande av krav på mätnoggrannhet på aktiv effekt, förkortning av tillåtna svarstider, krav på lokal frekvensmätning med god noggrannhet. För långtidsparkerade bilar vore det framförallt värdefullt att arbeta fram, och i standard beskriva, en funktion där elbilens BMS kan uppmanas av EVSE att hålla batteriet i ett tillstånd där det kan användas för att snabbt svara på en begäran om i-/urladdning. Detta så att elbilen kan vara förberedd för frekvensreglering även om den för stunden inte aktivt laddar eller matar effekt till elnätet. Detta en åtgärd som skulle kunna ha stor positiv påverkan på möjligheterna för långtidsparkerade elbilar att leverera frekvensreglering. Exemplifierande användarcykler för långtidsparkerade bilar har studerats för FCR-N och FCR-D. Resultaten visar att den förväntade cyklingen skiljer stort mellan dessa olika frekvensregleringstjänster och antyder att valet av frekvensregleringstjänst behöver studeras utifrån både förväntad ekonomi och eventuellt batterislitage. Överslagsräkningar på eventuella intäkter från deltagande i frekvensreglering har genomförts och de preliminära resultaten visar att investering av dyrare laddinfrastruktur som klarar Vehicle-to-Grid skulle kunna återbetalas inom ett år med 2022 års nivåer av ersättning för frekvensreglering. I en framtid där nya elbilar antas ha stöd för Vehicle-to-Grid har potentialen för att använda långtidsparkerade elbilar på logistikanläggningar till frekvensreglering preliminärt bedömts ligga mellan 110 och 165 MW för svenska förhållanden. Detta motsvarar ca 5-8% av den nordiska FCR-marknaden. På sikt kan också långtidsparkerade bilar hos återförsäljare, flygplatser med mera att utgöra en betydande potential.
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| 7. |
- Bäckberg, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
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Using in vitro receptor activity studies of synthetic cannabinoids to support the risk assessment of new psychoactive substances – A Swedish strategy to protect public health from harm
- 2023
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Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - : Elsevier Ireland Ltd. - 0379-0738 .- 1872-6283. ; 348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the past 15 years, close to 1000 of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have been reported in Europe and globally. At the time of identification, data on safety, toxicity and carcinogenic potential of many NPS are not available or very limited. To work more efficiently, a strategy and collaboration between the Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS) and the National Board of Forensic Medicine was established involving in vitro receptor activity assays to demonstrate neurological activity of NPS. This report summarizes the first results on the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), and subsequent actions taken by PHAS. A total of 18 potential SCRAs were selected by PHAS for in vitro pharmacological characterization. 17 compounds could be acquired and investigated for their activity on the human cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors expressed together with the AequoScreen system in CHO-K1 cells. Dose-response curves were established using eight different concentrations in triplicates at three occasions with JWH-018 as reference. For the MDMB-4en-PINACA, MMB-022, ACHMINACA, ADB-BUTINACA, 5F-CUMYL-PeGACLONE, 5C-AKB48, NM-2201, 5F-CUMYL-PINACA, JWH-022, 5Cl-AB-PINACA, MPhP-2201, 5F-AKB57 the half maximal effective concentration values ranged from 2.2 nM (5F-CUMYL-PINACA) to 171 nM (MMB-022). EG-018 and 3,5-AB-CHMFUPPYCA were none-active. The results contributed to 14 of these compounds being scheduled as narcotics in Sweden. In conclusion, many of the emerging SCRAs are potent activators of the CB1 receptor in vitro, although some lack activity or are partial agonists. The new strategy proved useful when data on psychoactive effects of the SCRAs under investigation were not available or limited. © 2023 The Authors
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| 8. |
- Deventer, Marie H., et al.
(författare)
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Off-target activity of NBOMes and NBOMe analogs at the mu opioid receptor
- 2023
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Ingår i: Archives of Toxicology. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 0340-5761 .- 1432-0738. ; 97:5, s. 1367-1384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New psychoactive substances (NPS) are introduced on the illicit drug market at a rapid pace. Their molecular targets are often inadequately elucidated, which contributes to the delayed characterization of their pharmacological effects. Inspired by earlier findings, this study set out to investigate the mu opioid receptor (MOR) activation potential of a large set of psychedelics, substances which typically activate the serotonin (5-HT2A) receptor as their target receptor. We observed that some substances carrying the N-benzyl phenethylamine (NBOMe) structure activated MOR, as confirmed by both the NanoBiT (R) beta arr2 recruitment assay and the G protein-based AequoScreen (R) Ca2+ release assay. The use of two orthogonal systems proved beneficial as some aspecific, receptor independent effects were found for various analogs when using the Ca2+ release assay. The specific off-target effects at MOR could be blocked by the opioid antagonist naloxone, suggesting that these NBOMes occupy the same common opioid binding pocket as conventional opioids. This was corroborated by molecular docking, which revealed the plausibility of multiple interactions of 25I-NBOMe with MOR, similar to those observed for opioids. Additionally, structure-activity relationship findings seen in vitro were rationalized in silico for two 25I-NBOMe isomers. Overall, as MOR activity of these psychedelics was only noticed at high concentrations, we consider it unlikely that for the tested compounds there will be a relevant opioid toxicity in vivo at physiologically relevant concentrations. However, small modifications to the original NBOMe structure may result in a panel of more efficacious and potent MOR agonists, potentially exhibiting a dual MOR/5-HT2A activation potential.
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| 9. |
- Hamon, Camille, et al.
(författare)
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Wind power participation in frequency regulation: a profitability assessment for Sweden
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this report, a framework was developed to assess the profits from participating in the different ancillary services for frequency regulation in Sweden. The framework considers forecasting errors on both production and prices, market clearing times and technical requirements of the difference ancillary services. The framework was applied to evaluate potential profits for a real wind power plant of 2 MW in SE3 in 2020 and 2021. The economic analysis points out to aFRR down as the most profitable market today with additional revenue of as much as 35% compared to day-ahead only in case of perfect production forecasts, and as much as 22 % with consideration of standard production forecast errors. It is also shown that developing bidding strategies based on price forecasting to act on several ancillary service market may increase the revenues by up to 70% compared to day-ahead only. Future work in the topic includes evaluating the profits in other price areas and evaluating different production and price forecast methodologies and their impact on the profits.
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| 10. |
- Ollas, Patrik, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Battery loss prediction using various loss models: A case study for a residential building
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Energy Storage. - 2352-152X .- 2352-1538. ; 70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work compares and quantifies the annual losses for three battery system loss representations in a case study for a residential building with solar photovoltaic (PV). Two loss representations consider the varying operating conditions and use the measured performance of battery power electronic converters (PECs) but differ in using either a constant or current-dependent internal battery cell resistance. The third representation is load-independent and uses a (fixed) round trip efficiency. The work uses sub-hourly measurements of the load and PV profiles and includes the results from varying PV and battery size combinations. The results reveal an inadequacy of using a constant battery internal resistance and quantify the annual loss discrepancy to −38.6%, compared to a case with current-dependent internal resistance. The results also show the flaw of modelling the battery system's efficiency with a fixed round trip efficiency, with loss discrepancy variation between −5 to 17% depending on the scenario. Furthermore, the necessity of accounting for the cell's loss is highlighted, and its dependence on converter loading is quantified.
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