| 1. |
- Andersson, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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How insects sense olfactory patches : the spatial scaling of olfactory information
- 2013
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 0030-1299 .- 1600-0706. ; 122:7, s. 1009-1016
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When searching for resources in heterogeneous environments, animals must rely on their abilities to detect the resources via their sensory systems. However, variation in the strength of the sensory cue may be mediated by the physical size of the resource patch. Patch detection of insects are often predicted by the scaling of sensory cues to patch size, where visual cues has been proposed to scale proportional to the diameter of the patch. The scaling properties of olfactory cues are, however, virtually unknown. Here, we investigated scaling rules for olfactory information in a gradient of numbers of odour sources, relevant to odour-mediated attraction under field conditions. We recorded moth antennal responses to sex pheromones downwind from pheromone patches and estimated the slope in the scaling relationship between the effective length of the odour plumes and the number of odour sources. These measurements showed that the effective plume length increased proportional to the square root of the number of odour sources. The scaling relationship, as estimated in the field experiment, was then evaluated against field data of the slope in the relationship between trap catch and release rate of chemical attractants for a wide range of insects. This meta-analysis revealed an average slope largely consistent with the estimated scaling relationship between the effective plume length and the number of odour sources. This study is the first to estimate the scaling properties of olfactory cues empirically and has implications for understanding and predicting the spatial distributions of insects searching by means of olfactory cues in heterogeneous environments.
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| 2. |
- Plepys, Dainius, et al.
(författare)
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Odour-mediated nectar foraging in the silver Y moth, Autographa gamma (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae): behavioural and electrophysiological responses to floral volatiles
- 2002
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 1600-0706 .- 0030-1299. ; 99:1, s. 75-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Naive male and female silver Y moths, Autographa gamma (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were attracted in a flight tunnel assay to potted creeping thistle, Cirsium arvense (Asteraceae), butterfly-orchid, Platanthera bifolia (Orchidaceae), soapwort, Saponaria officinalis (Caryophyllaceae), greater knapweed, Centaurea scabiosa (Asteraceae), red clover, Trifolium pratense (Fabaceae), and catnip, Nepeta faasseni (Labiatae), plants with flowers. The most attractive plants were C. arvense, P. bifolia and S. officinalis that elicited 87, 78 and 65%, source contacts, respectively. C. scabiosa was less attractive eliciting 43%, response. T. pratense and N. faasseni showed the least attraction eliciting 28 and 26% source contacts, respectively. A cotton plant used as control, was not attractive. Floral volatiles from the investigated plant species were collected using headspace sampling technique. Samples were analysed using gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection, and electrophysiologically active compounds were identified by coupled gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Consistent electrophysiological responses were elicited by twelve compounds from headspace of C. arvense, thirteen compounds from P. bifolia, eleven compounds from S. officinalis, nine from C. seabiosa, ten from T. pratense and two from N. faasseni. Most of the active compounds were specific for one or two species, while benzyl benzoate was present in four and benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol in three species. Floral scents of C. arvense, P. bifolia and S. officinalis, the most attractive flowers, were dominated by aromatic compounds that were not abundant in the scent of other flowers. To conclude, the results demonstrate the absence of a common denominator of odours present in flowers of different plants visited by A. gamma.
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| 3. |
- Plepys, Dainius, et al.
(författare)
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Volatiles from flowers of Platanthera bifolia (Orchidaceae) attractive to the silver Y moth, Autographa gamma (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
- 2002
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 1600-0706 .- 0030-1299. ; 99:1, s. 69-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the attractiveness of a natural headspace sample of [i]Platanthera bifolia[/i blossoms, synthetic blends and Single compounds to the silver Y moth, Autographa gamma, in a flight tunnel. The synthetic blend consisted of previously identified electrophysiologically active compounds from P. bifolia: benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate, cinnamyl alcohol, lilac aldehydes, methyl benzoate and methyl salicylate. This blend had a similar attractivity as the natural headspace sample. Subtraction of lilac aldehydes significantly decreased attractiveness of the synthetic blend. When a mixture of lilac aldehydes was tested alone. it showed attractiveness similar to that of the synthetic blend. One or a mixture of lilac aldehydes accounts for the attraction of moths to P. bifolia. All other Compounds elicited significantly lower responses. Results are discussed in relation to the pollination biology of P. bifolia.
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| 4. |
- Skals, Niels, et al.
(författare)
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Foraging and mate-finding in the silver Y moth, Autographa gamma (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) under the risk of predation
- 2003
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 1600-0706 .- 0030-1299. ; 102:2, s. 351-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animal foraging and reproductive behaviour is influenced by other simultaneous demands such as predator avoidance. The trade-offs between these demands may depend on sex or mating experience. This study demonstrates that the olfactory-mediated foraging and mate-seeking behaviours in the silver Y moths, Autographa gamma, are affected by auditory cues mimicking their bat predators. Both males and females changed their foraging behaviour under simulated predation risk. Fewer moths reached the odour source following sound stimulation and the time to find the odour source increased by up to 250%. However. there were no significant differences between male and female ability to reach the plant odour source or the duration of the flight towards the source when stimulated with ultrasound. Hence females are not more cautious than males when observed in the same behavioural context. Risk-taking in males was independent of whether they were flying toward a flower odour or sex pheromones having equal attractive value. This indicates that the trade-off between olfactory and acoustic cues is independent the type of odour. Mated females were not as strongly affected by sound as non-mated, indicating that flower odours have a higher adaptive value for mated females, suggesting that some processes following mating experience influence the trade-off between flower odours and simulated bat sounds.
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| 5. |
- Svensson, Glenn, et al.
(författare)
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The odour makes the difference: male moths attracted by sex pheromones ignore the threat by predatory bats
- 2004
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 1600-0706 .- 0030-1299. ; 104:1, s. 91-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How animals adjust their foraging or mate finding behaviour according to the risk of predation has received much attention recently. However, few studies have focused on the behaviour of prey when stimuli representing different adaptive behaviours originate from different sensory modalities. Here we present data on how male moths trade off odour-mediated mate attraction and auditory-mediated predator avoidance depending on the relative quality of the mate signal. Males of Agrotis segetum (Noctuidae) and Plodia interpunctella (Pyralidae), orienting towards a sex pheromone source in a flight tunnel, were exposed to ultrasound mimicking the echolocation calls of a bat, i.e. high predation risk. Males of both species accepted the predation risk when attracted to pheromone sources of high quality (female gland extract or complete synthetic blend at high dose), manifested in similar percentages reaching the pheromone source in moths with and without ultrasound exposure. In contrast, a lower proportion of ultrasound-exposed males than unexposed ones located the pheromone source when moths were flying towards pheromone sources of low quality (incomplete synthetic blend or complete synthetic blend at low dose), due to more time invested in defence manoeuvres. Furthermore, the risk taking behaviours of these moth species seem to be similar in spite of the fact that their ultrasonic hearing systems have evolved independently.
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| 6. |
- Löfstedt, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Diet related courtship success in the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Tortricidae)
- 1989
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : JSTOR. - 0030-1299. ; 55:3, s. 402-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Males reared on artificial diet as larvae or starved as adults contained lower amounts of the behaviourally most active courtship pheromone component ethyl trans-cinnamate, but no difference in mating success between apple-reared and diet-reared males could be demonstrated. -from Authors
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