| 1. |
- Class, Quetzal A., et al.
(författare)
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Outcome-dependent associations between short interpregnancy interval and offspring psychological and educational problems : a population-based quasi-experimental study
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - Stockholm : Oxford University Press. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 47:4, s. 1159-1168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Causal interpretation of associations between short interpregnancy interval (the duration from the preceeding birth to the conception of the next-born index child) and the offspring's psychological and educational problems may be influenced by a failure to account for unmeasured confounding.Methods: Using population-based Swedish data from 1973-2009, we estimated the association between interpregnancy interval and outcomes [autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), severe mental illness, suicide attempt, criminality, substance-use problem and failing grades] while controlling for measured covariates. We then used cousin comparisons, post-birth intervals (the interval between the second-and third-born siblings to predict second-born outcomes) and sibling comparisons to assess the influence of unmeasured confounding. We included an exploratory analysis of long interpregnancy interval.Results: Interpregnancy intervals of 0-5 and 6-11 months were associated with higher odds of outcomes in cohort analyses. Magnitudes of association were attenuated following adjustment for measured covariates. Associations were eliminated for ADHD, severe mental illness and failing grades, but maintained magnitude for ASD, suicide attempt, criminality and substance-use problem in cousin comparisons. Post-birth interpregnancy interval and sibling comparisons suggested some familial confounding. Associations did not persist across models of long interpregnancy interval.Conclusions: Attenuation of the association in cousin comparisons and comparable post-birth interval associations suggests that familial genetic or environmental confounding accounts for a majority of the association for ADHD, severe mental illness and failing grades. Modest associations appear independently of covariates for ASD, suicide attempt, criminality and substance-use problem. Post-birth analyses and sibling comparisons, however, show some confounding in these associations.
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| 2. |
- Långström, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual offending runs in families : a 37-year nationwide study
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - Stockholm : Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Sexual crime is an important public health concern. The possible causes of sexual aggression, however, remain uncertain. METHODS: We examined familial aggregation and the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to sexual crime by linking longitudinal, nationwide Swedish crime and multigenerational family registers. We included all men convicted of any sexual offence (N = 21,566), specifically rape of an adult (N = 6131) and child molestation (N = 4465), from 1973 to 2009. Sexual crime rates among fathers and brothers of sexual offenders were compared with corresponding rates in fathers and brothers of age-matched population control men without sexual crime convictions. We also modelled the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors to the liability of sexual offending. RESULTS: We found strong familial aggregation of sexual crime [odds ratio (OR) = 5.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.5-5.9] among full brothers of convicted sexual offenders. Familial aggregation was lower in father-son dyads (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 3.2-4.4) among paternal half-brothers (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.5-2.9) and maternal half-brothers (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2-2.4). Statistical modelling of the strength and patterns of familial aggregation suggested that genetic factors (40%) and non-shared environmental factors (58%) explained the liability to offend sexually more than shared environmental influences (2%). Further, genetic effects tended to be weaker for rape of an adult (19%) than for child molestation (46%). CONCLUSIONS: We report strong evidence of familial clustering of sexual offending, primarily accounted for by genes rather than shared environmental influences. Future research should possibly test the effectiveness of selective prevention efforts for male first-degree relatives of sexually aggressive individuals, and consider familial risk in sexual violence risk assessment.
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| 3. |
- Viktorin, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor use during pregnancy : association with offspring birth size and gestational age
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - Oxford, United Kingdom : Oxford University Press. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 45:1, s. 170-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Depression around the time of pregnancy affects at least 1 in 8 women and treatment with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in pregnant women has been increasing, but research on adverse effects on the fetus have so far commonly used designs unable to account for confounding. We aimed to examine the effects of prenatal SSRI exposure on offspring size outcomes and gestational age, and disentangle whether associations observed were due to the medication or other factors.Methods: We used a Swedish population-based cohort of 392,029 children and national registers to estimate the associations between prenatal exposure to SSRIs and depression on the outcomes birthweight, birth length, birth head circumference, gestational age at birth and preterm birth. A sub-sample of 1007 children was analysed in a within-family design that accounts for unmeasured parental genetic and environmental confounders.Results: Crude analyses revealed associations between prenatal SSRI exposure, and offspring birth size and gestational age. However, in the within-family analyses, only the association between SSRI exposure and reduced gestational age (-2.3 days; 95% confidence interval -3.8 to -0.8) was observed.Conclusions: This study indicates that prenatal SSRI exposure may not be causally related to offspring birth size. Rather, our analyses suggest that the association could be caused by other underlying differences instead of the medication per se. A small reduction of gestational age was associated with SSRI exposure in the within-family analysis and could be due to either the exposure, or other factors changing between pregnancies.
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| 6. |
- Accordini, S., et al.
(författare)
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A three-generation study on the association of tobacco smoking with asthma
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 47:4, s. 1106-1117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Mothers' smoking during pregnancy increases asthma risk in their offspring. There is some evidence that grandmothers' smoking may have a similar effect, and biological plausibility that fathers' smoking during adolescence may influence offspring's health through transmittable epigenetic changes in sperm precursor cells. We evaluated the three-generation associations of tobacco smoking with asthma. Methods: Between 2010 and 2013, at the European Community Respiratory Health Survey III clinical interview, 2233 mothers and 1964 fathers from 26 centres reported whether their offspring (aged <= 51 years) had ever had asthma and whether it had coexisted with nasal allergies or not. Mothers and fathers also provided information on their parents' (grandparents) and their own asthma, education and smoking history. Multilevel mediation models within a multicentre three-generation framework were fitted separately within the maternal (4666 offspring) and paternal (4192 offspring) lines. Results: Fathers' smoking before they were 15 [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-2.01] and mothers' smoking during pregnancy (RRR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.01-1.59) were associated with asthma without nasal allergies in their offspring. Grandmothers' smoking during pregnancy was associated with asthma in their daughters [odds ratio (OR) = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.17-2.06] and with asthma with nasal allergies in their grandchildren within the maternal line (RRR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.02-1.55). Conclusions: Fathers' smoking during early adolescence and grandmothers' and mothers' smoking during pregnancy may independently increase asthma risk in offspring. Thus, risk factors for asthma should be sought in both parents and before conception.
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| 7. |
- Adami, HO, et al.
(författare)
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Epidemiology, medicine and public health
- 1999
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Ingår i: International journal of epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 28:5, s. S1005-S1008
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
- Agardh, E.E, et al.
(författare)
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Socio-economic position at three points in life in association with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in middle-aged Swedish men and women
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 36:1, s. 84-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundIt has been suggested that low socio-economic position(SEP) during childhood and adolescence predicts risk of adulttype 2 diabetes. We investigated the associations between type2 diabetes and childhood SEP (fathers’ occupational position),participants’ education and adult SEP (participants’occupational position). To determine possible independent associationsbetween early SEP (fathers’ occupational position andparticipants’ education) and disease, we adjusted foradult SEP and factors present in adult life associated withtype 2 diabetes. MethodsThis cross-sectional study comprised 3128 men and 4821women aged 35–56 years. All subjects have gone througha health examination and answered a questionnaire on lifestylefactors. At the health centre, an oral glucose tolerance testwas administered and identified 55 men and 52 women with previouslyundiagnosed type 2 diabetes. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIswere calculated in multiple logistic regression analyses. ResultsThe age-adjusted RRs of type 2 diabetes if having afather with middle occupational position were 2.3 [Confidenceinterval (CI:1.0–5.1) for women and, 2.0 (CI:0.7–5.6)for men]. Moreover, low education was associated with type 2diabetes in women, RR = 2.5 (CI:1.2–4.9). Low occupationalposition in adulthood was associated with type 2 diabetes inwomen, RR = 2.7 (CI:1.3–5.9) and men, RR = 2.9 (CI:1.5–5.7).The associations between early SEP and type 2 diabetes disappearedafter adjustment for adult SEP and factors associated with type2 diabetes. ConclusionThe association between type 2 diabetes and low SEPduring childhood and adolescence in middle-aged Swedish subjectsdisappeared after adjustment for adult SEP and adult risk factorsof diabetes.
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| 10. |
- Agardh, Emilie, et al.
(författare)
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Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position : a systematic review and meta-analysis
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 40:3, s. 804-818
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, the first to our knowledge, summarizing and quantifying the published evidence on associations between type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position (SEP) (measured by educational level, occupation and income) worldwide and when sub-divided into high-, middle- and low-income countries. Methods Relevant case-control and cohort studies published between 1966 and January 2010 were searched in PubMed and EMBASE using the keywords: diabetes vs educational level, occupation or income. All identified citations were screened by one author, and two authors independently evaluated and extracted data from relevant publications. Risk estimates from individual studies were pooled using random-effects models quantifying the associations. Results Out of 5120 citations, 23 studies, including 41 measures of association, were found to be relevant. Compared with high educational level, occupation and income, low levels of these determinants were associated with an overall increased risk of type 2 diabetes; [relative risk (RR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28-1.51], (RR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.09-1.57) and (RR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.04-1.88), respectively. The increased risks were independent of the income levels of countries, although based on limited data in middle- and low-income countries. Conclusions The risk of getting type 2 diabetes was associated with low SEP in high-, middle- and low-income countries and overall. The strength of the associations was consistent in high-income countries, whereas there is a strong need for further investigation in middle- and low-income countries.
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