| 1. |
- Christoffersson, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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The neutrophil : one cell on many missions or many cells with different agendas?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - : Springer. - 0302-766X .- 1432-0878. ; 371:3, s. 415-423
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The unique role of neutrophils in host defense is not only based on their abilities to kill bacteria but is also due to their abundance in circulation and their ability to quickly migrate and accumulate in great numbers at afflicted sites. The high number of circulating neutrophils is the result of regulated release of new neutrophils from bone marrow as well as from marginated pools to balance their recruitment to tissue. Marginated pools, such as the spleen and lung, have previously been attributed to passively delay neutrophil transit time due to their large capillary network, but recent reports demonstrate that they are comprised of neutrophils with specific functions. The spleen, for instance, holds neutrophil subpopulations at different anatomical locations with distinct functions important for, e.g., bacterial eradication, and the lung was recently shown to re-educate neutrophils that had trafficked from a site of sterile injury to home back to bone marrow for elimination. Further, recent reports demonstrate subpopulations of neutrophils with different actions during homeostasis, infection, tissue restitution and cancer. It is becoming increasingly clear that this cannot be due to different stages of neutrophil activation during their life span but instead points towards distinct subpopulations of neutrophils with different effector functions. Whether these cellular distinctions are due to different education or origin is, however, not yet known. Together, the accumulating information about the heterogeneous neutrophils presents important insights into their role in development of pathologies, as well as revealing novel targets in the form of certain subpopulations to treat disease.
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| 2. |
- Heldin, Carl-Henrik, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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Role of Smads in TGFβ signaling
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0302-766X .- 1432-0878. ; 347:1, s. 21-36
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is the prototype for a large family of pleiotropic factors that signal via heterotetrameric complexes of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors. Important intracellular mediators of TGFβ signaling are members of the Smad family. Smad2 and 3 are activated by C-terminal receptor-mediated phosphorylation, whereafter they form complexes with Smad4 and are translocated to the nucleus where they, in cooperation with other transcription factors, co-activators and co-repressors, regulate the transcription of specific genes. Smads have key roles in exerting TGFβ-induced programs leading to cell growth arrest and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The activity and stability of Smad molecules are carefully regulated by a plethora of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, acetylation and poly(ADP)-ribosylation. The Smad function has been shown to be perturbed in certain diseases such as cancer.
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| 3. |
- Hill, Sharon, et al.
(författare)
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Modulation of odour-guided behaviour in mosquitoes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0302-766X .- 1432-0878. ; 383, s. 195-206
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mosquitoes are emerging as model systems with which to study innate behaviours through neuroethology and functional genomics. Decades of work on these disease vectors have provided a solid behavioural framework describing the distinct repertoire of predominantly odour-mediated behaviours of female mosquitoes, and their dependence on life stage (intrinsic factors) and environmental cues (extrinsic factors). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of how intrinsic factors, including adult maturation, age, nutritional status, and infection, affect the attraction to plants and feeding on plant fluids, host seeking, blood feeding, supplemental feeding behaviours, pre-oviposition behaviour, and oviposition in female mosquitoes. With the technological advancements in the recent two decades, we have gained a better understanding of which volatile organic compounds are used by mosquitoes to recognise and discriminate among various fitness-enhancing resources, and characterised their neural and molecular correlates. In this review, we present the state of the art of the peripheral olfactory system as described by the neural physiology, functional genomics, and genetics underlying the demonstrated changes in the behavioural repertoire in female mosquitoes. The review is meant as a summary introduction to the current conceptual thinking in the field.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Mehnert, Kerstin I., et al.
(författare)
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Circadian rhythms in the morphology of neurons in Drosophila
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0302-766X .- 1432-0878. ; 344:3, s. 381-389
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neurons have an enormous capacity to adapt to changing conditions through the regulation of gene expression, morphology, and physiology. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, this plasticity includes recurrent changes taking place within intervals of a few hours during the day. The rhythmic alterations in the morphology of neurons described so far include changes in axonal diameter, branching complexity, synapse numbers, and the number of synaptic vesicles. The cycles of these changes have larger amplitude when the fly is exposed to light, but they persist in constant darkness and require the expression of the clock genes period and timeless, leading to the concept of circadian plasticity. The molecular mechanisms driving these cycles appear to require the expression of these genes either inside the neurons themselves or in other peripheral pacemaker cells. Loss-of-function mutations in period and timeless not only abolish the morphological rhythms, but also often cause abnormal axonal branching suggesting that circadian plasticity is relevant for the maintenance of normal morphology. Research into whether (1) circadian plasticity is a common feature of neurons in all animals and (2) our own neurons change shape between day and night will be of interest.
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| 6. |
- Morizane, Asuka, et al.
(författare)
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From bench to bed: the potential of stem cells for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
- 2008
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Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0878 .- 0302-766X. ; 331:1, s. 323-336
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder. The neuropathology is characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Transplants of fetal/embryonic midbrain tissue have exhibited some beneficial clinical effects in open-label trials. Neural grafting has, however, not become a standard treatment for several reasons. First, the supply of donor cells is limited, and therefore, surgery is accompanied by difficult logistics. Second, the extent of beneficial effects has varied in a partly unpredictable manner. Third, some patients have exhibited graft-related side effects in the form of involuntary movements. Fourth, in two major double-blind placebo-controlled trials, there was no effect of the transplants on the primary endpoints. Nevertheless, neural transplantation continues to receive a great deal of interest, and now, attention is shifting to the idea of using stem cells as starting donor material. In the context of stem cell therapy for PD, stem cells can be divided into three categories: neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and other tissue-specific types of stem cells, e.g., bone marrow stem cells. Each type of stem cell is associated with advantages and disadvantages. In this article, we review recent advances of stem cell research of direct relevance to clinical application in PD and highlight the pros and cons of the different sources of cells. We draw special attention to some key problems that face the translation of stem cell technology into the clinical arena.
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| 7. |
- Morrison, Jamie Ian
(författare)
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Editing our way to regeneration
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0302-766X .- 1432-0878. ; 356:3, s. 533-537
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transcription is the primary regulatory step to gene expression. However, there are numerous post-transcriptional mechanisms that are also crucial for developing the transcritptome, and the subsequent proteome, signature of any physiological setting. Organ and tissue regeneration is one such physiological setting that requires the rapid development of an environment that can supply all of the necessary molecular and cellular signalling needs necessary to attenuate infection, remove dead or necrotic cells, provide structural stability and finally replenish the compromised area with functional cells. The post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that have the ability to heavily influence the molecular and cellular pathways associated with regeneration are slowly being characterized. This mini-review will further clarify the possible regulation of regeneration through adenosine-to-inosine (A-I) RNA editing; a post-transcriptional mechanism that can affect the molecular and cellular pathways associated with functional restoration of damaged tissues and organs through discrete nucleotide changes in RNA transcripts. It is hoped that the intriguing links made between A-I RNA editing and regeneration in this mini-review will encourage further comparative studies into this infant field of research.
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| 8. |
- Mu, Yabing, et al.
(författare)
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Non-Smad signaling pathways
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - : Springer. - 0302-766X .- 1432-0878. ; 347:1, s. 11-20
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) is a key regulator of cell fate during embryogenesis and has also emerged as a potent driver of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition during tumor progression. TGF beta signals are transduced by transmembrane type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors (T beta RI and T beta RII, respectively). The activated T beta R complex phosphorylates Smad2 and Smad3, converting them into transcriptional regulators that complex with Smad4. TGF beta also uses non-Smad signaling pathways such as the p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways to convey its signals. Ubiquitin ligase tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and TGF beta-associated kinase 1 (TAK1) have recently been shown to be crucial for the activation of the p38 and JNK MAPK pathways. Other TGF beta-induced non-Smad signaling pathways include the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt-mTOR pathway, the small GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, and the Ras-Erk-MAPK pathway. Signals induced by TGF beta are tightly regulated and specified by post-translational modifications of the signaling components, since they dictate the subcellular localization, activity, and duration of the signal. In this review, we discuss recent findings in the field of TGF beta-induced responses by non-Smad signaling pathways.
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| 9. |
- Nandakumar, Kutty Selva, 1965-
(författare)
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Pathogenic antibody recognition of cartilage
- 2010
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Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - New York : Springer. - 0302-766X .- 1432-0878. ; 339:1, s. 213-220
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antibodies against cartilage proteins are highly prevalent in the sera and synovial fluids of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and also precede disease induction in various spontaneous and induced animal models of arthritis. These antibodies play an important role in the induction and perpetuation of the clinical disease. Antibodies binding to cartilage protein(s), especially the major articular cartilage protein, collagen type II (CII) can induce, in naive mice, an acute form of arthritis that can substantially destroy the cartilage and bone architecture. More importantly, these anti-CII antibodies can also directly cause the destruction of the target tissue preceding and independently of disease development and in the absence of any other pathogenic inflammatory factors or the action of immune cells. Alternatively, antibodies to citrullinated protein antigens and rheumatoid factor are well-validated prognostic and diagnostic markers of severe erosive RA, although their arthritogenic potential is questioned. Recently, we have found that the monoclonal antibodies to citrulline-modified cartilage protein can bind cartilage and synovial tissue and mediate arthritis in mice. Similarly, one of the pathogenic anti-CII monoclonal antibodies has rheumatoid-factor-like activity, suggesting a disease-inducing role for these commonly prevalent antibodies in RA patients. Interestingly, recent findings have also shown that the enzymatic cleavage or modification of pathogenic IgG antibodies protects the cartilage surface, thereby opening up new therapeutic possibilities for protecting the cartilage from inflammatory damage. © 2009 Springer-Verlag.
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| 10. |
- Nässel, Dick R., et al.
(författare)
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Hormonal axes in Drosophila : regulation of hormone release and multiplicity of actions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0302-766X .- 1432-0878. ; 382:2, s. 233-266
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hormones regulate development, as well as many vital processes in the daily life of an animal. Many of these hormones are peptides that act at a higher hierarchical level in the animal with roles as organizers that globally orchestrate metabolism, physiology and behavior. Peptide hormones can act on multiple peripheral targets and simultaneously convey basal states, such as metabolic status and sleep-awake or arousal across many central neuronal circuits. Thereby, they coordinate responses to changing internal and external environments. The activity of neurosecretory cells is controlled either by (1) cell autonomous sensors, or (2) by other neurons that relay signals from sensors in peripheral tissues and (3) by feedback from target cells. Thus, a hormonal signaling axis commonly comprises several components. In mammals and other vertebrates, several hormonal axes are known, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis or the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis that regulate reproduction and metabolism, respectively. It has been proposed that the basic organization of such hormonal axes is evolutionarily old and that cellular homologs of the hypothalamic-pituitary system can be found for instance in insects. To obtain an appreciation of the similarities between insect and vertebrate neurosecretory axes, we review the organization of neurosecretory cell systems in Drosophila. Our review outlines the major peptidergic hormonal pathways known in Drosophila and presents a set of schemes of hormonal axes and orchestrating peptidergic systems. The detailed organization of the larval and adult Drosophila neurosecretory systems displays only very basic similarities to those in other arthropods and vertebrates.
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