| 1. |
- Molander, Anna C, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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The glycine reuptake inhibitor Org 25935 decreases ethanol intake and preference in male wistar rats.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0735-0414 .- 1464-3502. ; 42:1, s. 11-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous findings from our group indicate that accumbal glycine receptors (GlyRs) are involved in mediating the dopamine (DA) activating effects of ethanol (EtOH), and that administration of glycine locally into the nucleus accumbens (nAc) reduces EtOH consumption in EtOH high-preferring rats. AIMS: The present study examines the influence of a systemically administered glycine reuptake inhibitor, Org 25935, on EtOH preference and intake, in male Wistar rats with an EtOH preference >60% (during continuous access to a bottle of EtOH, 6% v/v, and a bottle of water), called EP>60 rats, as well as in animals with an EtOH preference <60%, called EP<60 rats. Org 25935 is an inhibitor of the glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) protein with negligible action on the glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2) protein. METHODS: Both EP>60 and EP<60 rats were limited to drink 2.5 h/day. Org 25935 or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally approximately 40 min before the rats were presented to a choice of drinking EtOH or water. RESULTS: Org 25935 decreased EtOH intake and EtOH preference, as compared with vehicle, whereas water intake was unaffected. This effect was dose-dependent, developed gradually and was sustained for up to 40 days, also after introduction of an alcohol deprivation period. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that Org 25935, and possibly also other GlyT1 inhibitors, can represent a new pharmacological treatment principle for alcohol dependence or abuse.
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| 2. |
- Bendtsen, Preben, et al.
(författare)
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Professional's Attitudes Do Not Influence Screening and Brief Interventions Rates for Hazardous and Harmful Drinkers: Results from ODHIN Study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Alcohol and Alcoholism. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0735-0414 .- 1464-3502. ; 50:4, s. 430-437
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To determine the relation between existing levels of alcohol screening and brief intervention rates in five European jurisdictions and role security and therapeutic commitment by the participating primary healthcare professionals. Health care professionals consisting of, 409 GPs, 282 nurses and 55 other staff including psychologists, social workers and nurse aids from 120 primary health care centres participated in a cross-sectional 4-week survey. The participants registered all screening and brief intervention activities as part of their normal routine. The participants also completed the Shortened Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaire (SAAPPQ), which measure role security and therapeutic commitment. The only significant but small relationship was found between role security and screening rate in a multilevel logistic regression analysis adjusted for occupation of the provider, number of eligible patients and the random effects of jurisdictions and primary health care units (PHCU). No significant relationship was found between role security and brief intervention rate nor between therapeutic commitment and screening rate/brief intervention rate. The proportion of patients screened varied across jurisdictions between 2 and 10%. The findings show that the studied factors (role security and therapeutic commitment) are not of great importance for alcohol screening and BI rates. Given the fact that screening and brief intervention implementation rate has not changed much in the last decade in spite of increased policy emphasis, training initiatives and more research being published, this raises a question about what else is needed to enhance implementation.
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| 3. |
- Collier, Elizabeth S, et al.
(författare)
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Satisfaction with a digital support tool targeting alcohol consumption : perspectives from participants in a randomized control trial
- 2024
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Ingår i: Alcohol and Alcoholism. - : Oxford University Press. - 0735-0414 .- 1464-3502. ; 59:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Intervention design may be improved through evaluating the feedback from those who have been exposed to such interventions. As such, here the perspectives of the intervention group from a recent randomized control trial investigating the effectiveness of a digital alcohol intervention, in terms of perceived suitability and usefulness of the support tool they engaged with, were investigated. Methods: Respondents (N=475; 45% of the intervention group) answered five quantitative questions addressing user experience, completed the 10-item System Useability Scale, and were offered the opportunity to write free-text feedback. Quantitative measures were analysed using ordinal and linear regression with baseline characteristics as predictors, and free-text responses were evaluated using content analysis. Results: Overall, respondents were positive towards the intervention in terms of it fitting their needs, the usefulness of the tools included, and the usefulness of text message content. The intervention was perceived as more helpful by respondents with lower total weekly alcohol consumption, higher self-reported confidence in their ability to reduce their drinking, and the perceived importance there of, at baseline. The free-text comments revealed the value of reminders as prompts to reflect on one’s own drinking behaviour. Nonetheless, criticisms of the intervention were voiced, primarily highlighting the repetitive nature of the reminders and the lack of individuation in advice. Some also feltlike the intervention was impersonal and targeted only a specific drinking pattern. Conclusions: Experiences of the intervention group in this trial were generally positive, though there may be demand for more individualised, targeted intervention design.
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| 4. |
- Berggren, Ulf, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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The taqI DRD2 A1 allele is associated with alcohol-dependence although its effect size is small
- 2006
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Ingår i: Alcohol. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0735-0414. ; 41:5, s. 479-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Numerous studies of the relationship between the TaqIA DRD2 A1 allele and alcohol-dependence have been performed and many of these have shown an association whereas others have not (Noble, 2003). This has consequently generated some controversy as to whether such an association actually exists (Noble, 2003). In the two recent meta-analyses by Noble (2003) and Young et al. (2004) some very important methodological issues have been discussed, which need to be addressed in forthcoming studies. Thus, the sample size is of great importance. In case-control studies it has been estimated that to detect the role of genes with small effect size of approximately 2, which is in the range of the DRD2 A1 allele-alcoholism relationship, case-control sets of 300-400 subjects are necessary (Noble, 2003). METHODS: In the present study, we have consequently recruited a large number of subjects, 375 alcohol-dependent individuals, who were treated as inpatients for alcohol withdrawal symptoms and out of these 357 could be evaluated. As controls, 578 individuals screened and 254 individuals unscreened for alcohol consumption were used. Thus, the total number of subjects was 1217. RESULTS: In the present study, in which the TaqI A1/A2 DRD2 polymorphism was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the patient group and the two control groups, we found that the TaqI DRD2 A1/A2 genotype frequency differed significantly between the alcohol-dependent group and both the total and screened control groups. Furthermore, the TaqI DRD2 A1 allele frequency was significantly overrepresented in the alcohol-dependent subjects as compared with both the total and screened control groups. The odds ratio for alcohol-dependency being associated with the A1 allele was 1.34. CONCLUSIONS: Consequently, the findings in this study lend further support to the notion of an association between the DRD2 A1 allele and alcohol-dependence, although the effect size of the DRD2 A1 allele is small.
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| 5. |
- Clarke, Rhona B. C., et al.
(författare)
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Increase in Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Levels Following Local Ethanol Administration Is Not Mediated by Acetaldehyde
- 2014
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Ingår i: Alcohol and Alcoholism. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0735-0414 .- 1464-3502. ; 49:5, s. 498-504
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Ethanol (EtOH) activates the mesolimbic dopamine system and increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens (nAc), which is believed to underlie the rewarding effects of alcohol. Accumulating evidence now implicates that acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of EtOH, may play an important role in mediating some of the rewarding properties of its parent compound. The objective of this study was to investigate if the increase in accumbal dopamine output observed when administering EtOH locally in the nAc by reversed microdialysis is mediated by acetaldehyde. Methods: Acetaldehyde (1, 10, 100 or 200 mu M) or EtOH (300 mM) was administered via reversed microdialysis in the nAc of male Wistar rats. In a separate experiment, animals were administered EtOH (300 mM) in the nAc, following pre-treatment with the acetaldehyde-sequestering agent D-penicillamine (50 mg/kg injected intraperitoneally 60 min before drug challenge). Microdialysates from the nAc were collected every 20 min and dopamine content was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Acetaldehyde administered in the nAc did not influence accumbal dopamine levels at any of the concentrations applied, whereas EtOH induced a significant increase in accumbal dopamine. The dopamine-elevating properties of EtOH were not attenuated by pre-treatment with D-penicillamine. Conclusion: The current results show that EtOH administered in the nAc induces an elevation in accumbal dopamine levels, which is not mimicked by acetaldehyde alone, nor is it influenced by acetaldehyde sequestering. This would suggest that the increase in accumbal dopamine following nAc EtOH administration is not mediated by acetaldehyde.
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| 6. |
- Domi, Ana, et al.
(författare)
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Targeting the Opioid Receptors: A Promising Therapeutic Avenue for Treatment in "Heavy Drinking Smokers"
- 2021
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Ingår i: Alcohol and Alcoholism. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0735-0414 .- 1464-3502. ; 56:2, s. 127-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Despite a general decline in tobacco use in the last decades, the prevalence of tobacco smoking in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains substantial (45-50%). Importantly, the co-use of both substances potentiates the adverse effects, making it a significant public health problem. Substantial evidence suggests that AUD and Tobacco use disorder (TUD) may share common mechanisms. Targeting these mechanisms may therefore provide more effective therapy. Numerous studies describe a potential role of the endogenous opioid system in both AUD and TUD. Reviewing this literature, we aim to evaluate the efficacy of molecules that target the opioid system as promising therapeutic interventions for treating alcohol and tobacco co-use disorders. Methods: We provide a synthesis of the current epidemiological knowledge of alcohol and tobacco co-use disorders. We evaluate clinical and preclinical research that focuses on the regulation of the endogenous opioid system in alcohol, nicotine, and their interactions. Results: The epidemiological data confirm that smoking stimulates heavy drinking and facilitates alcohol craving. Pharmacological findings suggest that treatments that are efficacious in the dual addiction provide a beneficial treatment outcome in comorbid AUD and TUD. In this regard, MOP, DOP and NOP-receptor antagonists show promising results, while the findings prompt caution when considering KOP-receptor antagonists as a treatment option in alcohol and tobacco co-use disorders. Conclusions: Existing literature suggests a role of the opioid system in sustaining the high comorbidity rates of AUD and TUD. Molecules targeting opioid receptors may therefore represent promising therapeutic interventions in 'heavy drinking smokers.'
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| 7. |
- Gerdner, Arne, et al.
(författare)
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Mortality of treated alcoholics after eight years in relation to short-term outcome
- 1997
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Ingår i: Alcohol and Alcoholism. - 0735-0414 .- 1464-3502. ; 32:5, s. 573-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study concerns the relation between mortality and the short-term outcome of inpatient treatment for alcoholism. A total of 121 patients (87 men, 34 women) were included, of whom 89 were voluntary and 32 compulsorily committed. They had a mean age of 41±7 (SD) years and attended a 5-week programme at Runnagården, Örebro, Sweden. Most patients were socially unstable and severely alcohol-dependent. Ten months (mean) after discharge, 96% of the patients and their referring social workers were contacted with mail questionnaires. Of these patients, 13% had been totally abstinent and a further 42% improved but had had relapses. After a mean of 8.5±0.27 years, 27 patients (24%) had died. All abstainers survived, but non-abstainers had nine-fold higher mortality than expected. Non-abstinent improved women tended to survive longer than non-improved women, but among non-abstinent improved men no such tendency was found. In conclusion, a reduction in the frequency and quantity of abusive drinking was not enough to reduce the higher risk of death. Only abstinence seemed to be preventive.
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| 8. |
- Hanschmidt, Franz, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers to Alcohol Screening Among Hypertensive Patients and the Role of Stigma : Lessons for the Implementation of Screening and Brief Interventions in European Primary Care Settings
- 2017
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Ingår i: Alcohol and Alcoholism. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0735-0414 .- 1464-3502. ; 52:2, s. 572-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims1. To quantify barriers to alcohol screening among hypertensive patients reported by primary healthcare professionals. 2. To examine whether education and screening frequency measures are associated with stigma-related barriers.MethodsA web survey was conducted among 3081 primary healthcare professionals from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Participants were asked about perceived barriers to alcohol screening as free-text response. The replies were independently categorized by two raters. Stigma-related barriers were predicted by logistic regressions with education, knowledge on alcohol as risk factor and frequency of alcohol screening.ResultsIn France and Italy, almost half of the reported barriers were stigma-related, whereas time constraints were cited most commonly in Spain and the UK. In Germany, nearly half of respondents rated the importance of alcohol screening for hypertension as low. Perception that regular screening is inappropriate or associated with too much effort, beliefs that screening is unnecessary, and insufficient knowledge of screening tools were cited as further barriers. Professional education on alcohol use was consistently rated to be poorer than the equivalent education on hypertension, and only a minority of respondents perceived alcohol as important risk factor for hypertension. Stigma-related barriers could not be significantly predicted by education, knowledge or screening frequency in most models.ConclusionsOverall, regular alcohol screening among hypertensive patients seems to be widely accepted, but further education (Germany) and structural support (Spain, UK) could contribute to increase screening rates. In France and Italy, screening uptake could be improved by addressing stigma.Short SummaryAlcohol screening among hypertensive patients was largely accepted among general practitioners from five different European countries. Reported screening barriers varied between countries and included time constraints, stigma and underrated importance of alcohol. Results did not indicate a positive impact of education and screening frequency on perception of stigma as barrier to screening.
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