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Sökning: L773:1013 7424 > Refereegranskat

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1.
  • Edvinsson, Lars, et al. (författare)
  • Neuropeptides in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease and dementia with frontotemporal lobe degeneration
  • 1993
  • Ingår i: Dementia (Switzerland). - 1013-7424. ; 4:3-4, s. 71-167
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The two major primary degenerative dementias, dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) and frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type (FLD) have several clinical features in common but also many symptoms that differ. In a clinical material of 80 patients with either of the two forms of dementia (DAT = 39, FLD = 41) we have studied the levels of neuropeptides in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in order to find biochemical markers for CNS affection. The dementia forms were evaluated by careful clinical analysis, psychometric testing and measurement of regional cerebral blood flow. Approximately one third of the subjects died during the completion of the study and neuropathology was performed, confirming the diagnoses. We observed reductions in the CSF levels of antidiuretic hormone and somatostatin in both DAT and FLD. A strong tendency to reduction was noted for neuropeptide Y (NPY). There was a correlation with the duration of disease demonstrating a significant reduction in NPY levels in subjects with DAT. Most notably there was a strong reduction in the levels of delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP) in DAT cases only. The levels of DSIP in FLD were the same as in controls. The reverse was found for corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) which had a significant reduction in FLD patients but not in those with DAT. The present study indicates a difference in the CSF levels of neuropeptides, observations that these may serve as biochemical markers which differentiate DAT and FLD.
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2.
  • Elfgren, C, et al. (författare)
  • Neuropsychological findings in frontal lobe dementia
  • 1993
  • Ingår i: Dementia (Switzerland). - : S. Karger AG. - 1013-7424. ; 4:3-4, s. 9-214
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Neuropsychological investigations were performed on 18 patients with a clinical diagnosis of frontal lobe dementia supported by regional cerebral blood flow measurements. Nature and degree of cognitive impairment were examined with a comprehensive test battery. The results of the neuropsychological assessment could be described as three levels of cognitive impairment. The increasing levels of cognitive impairment were accompanied by corresponding levels of reduced cerebral blood flow in frontotemporal areas. No apparent relationship emerged between impairment level and illness duration, indicating a considerable individual variation in the clinical course of frontal lobe dementia.
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3.
  • Elmstahl, S., et al. (författare)
  • Quantitative EEG in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls
  • 1994
  • Ingår i: Dementia (Switzerland). - : S. Karger AG. - 1013-7424. ; 5:2, s. 119-124
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Multichannel (19) EEG were analyzed in 23 female patients with rather advanced late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and compared with 56 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. The quantified EEG was correlated with psychometric and clinical variables. The control subjects showed increasing theta activity with age but the EEG changes did not correlate significantly with psychometric features. The AD patients showed highly significant increases in delta and theta activity and decreases in beta activity compared with controls. The EEG changes were most marked over posterior regions of the brain. The individual EEG variables showed a high degree of intercorrelation and an almost complete discrimination between patients and controls was accomplished by taking only the posterior delta activity into account. In a subgroup of 10 patients, in which a Mini Mental test score could be obtained, the score correlated with the relative theta power.
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4.
  • Elmståhl, S., et al. (författare)
  • Increased sweat sodium concentration in patients with Alzheimer's disease
  • 1993
  • Ingår i: Dementia (Switzerland). - 1013-7424. ; 4:1, s. 50-53
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Sweat sodium concentration was estimated with pilocarpine iontophoresis in I 15 women with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 29 healthy control women. The age ranged from 76 to 96 years with a mean age of 85 years in both groups. The mean sodium concentration of 91 ± 41 mmol/l (n = 11) in the Alzheimer patients was significantly higher than in the control group (62 ± 29 mmol/l, n=27, p=0.0011). 27% of AD patients and 7% of the control women did not respond to stimulation. The impaired sweating in AD patients make them more vulnerable to heat stress. Further studies are needed to reveal whether the neurophysiological mechanism involved is located in the hypothalamus, in cortical projections to the hypothalamus or in postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
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5.
  • Farde, L, et al. (författare)
  • PET study of the M1-agonists [11C]xanomeline and [11C]butylthio-TZTP in monkey and man
  • 1996
  • Ingår i: Dementia (Basel, Switzerland). - : S. Karger AG. - 1013-7424. ; 7:4, s. 187-195
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Xanomeline, a substituted TZTP, is a new M<sub>1</sub> selective muscarinic agonist in clinical trials for Alzheimer''s disease. The brain uptake of [<sup>11</sup>C]xanomeline and the analog [<sup>11</sup>C]butylthio-TZTP was examined by positron emission tomography (PET). Radioactivity accumulated most markedly in the neocortex and the striatum. Pharmacological characterization in vitro and in cynomolgus monkeys in vivo by PET indicated specific [<sup>11</sup>C]butylthio-TZTP binding to muscarinic receptors and to sigma-1 recognition sites. More than 5% of the radioactivity was in the human brain 5 min after i.v. injection of [<sup>11</sup>C]xanomeline or [<sup>11</sup>C]butylthio-TZTP. This high brain uptake may be clinically advantageous in the sense that substituted TZTP may induce central muscarinic agonist effects at a dose level for which there is a low risk of peripheral side-effects.
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6.
  • Hansson, G, et al. (författare)
  • Intact brain serotonin system in vascular dementia
  • 1996
  • Ingår i: Dementia (Basel, Switzerland). - : S. Karger AG. - 1013-7424. ; 7:4, s. 196-200
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Pre- and postsynaptic elements of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) system were studied in a control group and in patients with vascular dementia (VAD). The 5-HT uptake site was used as a presynaptic marker for 5-HT terminals and 5-HT1A and 5HT2 receptors were used as postsynaptic markers. The binding sites were quantified with radioligand binding techniques, where the radioligands used were [<sup>3</sup>H]paroxetine, [<sup>3</sup>H]8-OH-DPAT and [<sup>3</sup>H]ketanserin, respectively. The presynaptic uptake site was studied in frontal and temporal cortices and caudate nucleus. 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors were studied only in frontal and temporal cortices. There were no differences between control and VAD groups in any of the regions investigated with respect to the number of binding sites (B<sub>max</sub>) and binding affinity (K<sub>d</sub>). This indicates that both pre- and postsynaptic parts of the 5-HT system are intact in these brain areas in VAD.
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7.
  • HILL, RD, et al. (författare)
  • Visuospatial performance in very old demented persons: an individual difference analysis
  • 1995
  • Ingår i: Dementia (Basel, Switzerland). - : S. Karger AG. - 1013-7424. ; 6:1, s. 49-54
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study examines selected demographic, psychometric, and biological measures as predictors of visuospatial performance in a sample of 98 persons with mild to moderate dementia. Visuospatial performance was measured using standardized neuropsychology instruments, namely: Poppelreuter''s figures, the clock test, and block design. Although multiple measures were initially correlated with performance on the selected visuospatial tests, the Mini-Mental State Examination was the exclusive predictor of Poppelreuter''s figures and the clock test scores. For block design, years of education also contributed to the prediction model, but only among mildly demented persons. These results suggest that disease severity plays a dominant role in the prediction of visuospatial performance in dementia, particularly in more advanced stages of the disease. The differential role of education in predicting block design performance in mild vs. moderate dementia was also highlighted.
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8.
  • Jelic, V, et al. (författare)
  • Quantitative electroencephalography power and coherence in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment
  • 1996
  • Ingår i: Dementia (Basel, Switzerland). - : S. Karger AG. - 1013-7424. ; 7:6, s. 314-323
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this study the best combination of quantitative electroencephalographic variables (qEEG) for the discrimination of groups with mild to moderate Alzheimer''s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment and healthy subjects was defined and related to neuropsychological performance. The study population included 18 patients with mild to moderate probable AD, 19 subjects with objective memory disturbances, 17 subjects with subjective memory complaints who did not have clinical evidence of memory disturbance, and 16 healthy controls. AD patients had significantly increased theta and decreased alpha relative power, mean frequency, and temporoparietal coherence. There was no significant difference in the mean frequency in the left temporal region between AD patients and subjects with objective memory disturbances. Temporoparietal coherence appeared as a discriminant variable together with alpha and theta relative power only between AD patients and controls, giving 77.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Significant correlations between regional changes in qEEG variables and cognitive functions were found.
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9.
  • Johansson, Barbro (författare)
  • Pathogenesis of vascular dementia: the possible role of hypertension
  • 1994
  • Ingår i: Dementia (Switzerland). - : S. Karger AG. - 1013-7424. ; 5:3-4, s. 174-176
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In spite of the fact that hypertension is the main risk factor for cerebrovascular disease, retrospective studies have not given a clear answer concerning the role of hypertension in vascular dementia. Hypertension predisposes to intracerebral and extracerebral arterial alterations which may cause cerebrovascular events by a number of mechanisms. In addition to the established association between hypertension and stroke, the role of hypertension for silent white matter hyperintensities (WMHIs) observed on magnetic resonance imaging is debated. Data are presented indicating that WMHIs are rare below the age of 55 in normotensive individuals but are not infrequent when the blood pressure is moderately or markedly increased. It is proposed that the possible role of hypertension in vascular dementia should be evaluated in prospective studies of hypertensive populations.
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10.
  • Johansson, M, et al. (författare)
  • Steady-state pharmacokinetics of tacrine in long-term treatment of Alzheimer patients
  • 1996
  • Ingår i: Dementia (Basel, Switzerland). - : S. Karger AG. - 1013-7424. ; 7:2, s. 111-117
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The pharmacokinetics of the cholinesterase inhibitor tacrine was studied in 5 Alzheimer patients during 12–31 months of treatment. A mean average steady-state concentration in plasma ranging from 1.1 to 30ng/ml was obtained with doses ranging from 40 to 160 mg of tacrine daily. During treatment with 80 mg daily a maximal plasma concentration of tacrine (8.7 ± 0.6 ng/ml) was obtained 1.3 ± 0.2 h after intake of the morning dose. The mean elimination half-life was estimated at 5–7 h and remained unchanged when the tacrine dose was increased. The plasma concentration of tacrine was stable during long-term treatment with tacrine and no tolerance was observed regarding its cholinesterase inhibitory effect. A maximal 40% inhibition of plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity and 60% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells was measured following treatment with the highest dose of 160 mg tacrine daily. A significant correlation was obtained between the plasma concentration of tacrine and the inhibition of ChE activity (p < 0.001). The tacrine concentration in CSF was measured in each patient on 1–3 occasions during the treatment and the ratio CSF/plasma concentration was estimated to be 0.47 ± 0.09 (n = 11).
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