| 1. |
- Bergström, A, et al.
(författare)
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Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe
- 2001
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 91:3, s. 421-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is growing evidence that excess body weight increases the risk of cancer at several sites, including kidney, endometrium, colon, prostate, gallbladder and breast in post-menopausal women. The proportion of all cancers attributable to overweight has, however, never been systematically estimated. We reviewed the epidemiological literature and quantitatively summarised, by meta-analysis, the relationship between excess weight and the risk of developing cancer at the 6 sites listed above. Estimates were then combined with sex-specific estimates of the prevalence of overweight [body mass index (BMI) 25-29 kg/m(2)] and obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)) in each country in the European Union to obtain the proportion of cancers attributable to excess weight. Overall, excess body mass accounts for 5% of all cancers in the European Union, 3% in men and 6% in women, corresponding to 27,000 male and 45,000 female cancer cases yearly. The attributable proportion varied, in men, between 2.1% for Greece and 4.9% for Germany and, in women, between 3.9% for Denmark and 8.8% for Spain. The highest attributable proportions were obtained for cancers of the endometrium (39%), kidney (25% in both sexes) and gallbladder (25% in men and 24% in women). The largest number of attributable cases was for colon cancer (21,500 annual cases), followed by endometrium (14,000 cases) and breast (12,800 cases). Some 36,000 cases could be avoided by halving the prevalence of overweight and obese people in Europe.
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| 2. |
- Bergström, A., et al.
(författare)
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Physical activity and risk of renal cell cancer
- 2001
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - New York, USA : John Wiley & Sons. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 92:1, s. 155-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relation between physical activity and renal cell cancer is unclear. High occupational physical activity has been associated with a decreased risk of renal cell cancer among men-but not among women-in two previous studies, while no association has been found for leisure time physical activity. Our aim was to investigate the association between occupational and leisure time physical activity in a prospective cohort of 17,241 Swedish twins. Information on physical activity and a wide range of potential confounding factors was obtained through a mailed questionnaire. During follow-up from 1967 through 1997 we identified 102 cases of renal cell cancer. We found no evidence of an inverse association between either occupational or leisure time physical activity and risk of renal cell cancer in this prospective cohort.
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| 3. |
- Smith-Warner, S A, et al.
(författare)
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Types of dietary fat and breast cancer : a pooled analysis of cohort studies
- 2001
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 92:5, s. 767-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, there has been interest in whether intakes of specific types of fat are associated with breast cancer risk independently of other types of fat, but results have been inconsistent. We identified 8 prospective studies that met predefined criteria and analyzed their primary data using a standardized approach. Holding total energy intake constant, we calculated relative risks for increments of 5% of energy for each type of fat compared with an equivalent amount of energy from carbohydrates or from other types of fat. We combined study-specific relative risks using a random effects model. In the pooled database, 7,329 incident invasive breast cancer cases occurred among 351,821 women. The pooled relative risks (95% confidence intervals [CI]) for an increment of 5% of energy were 1.09 (1.00-1.19) for saturated, 0.93 (0.84-1.03) for monounsaturated and 1.05 (0.96-1.16) for polyunsaturated fat compared with equivalent energy intake from carbohydrates. For a 5% of energy increment, the relative risks were 1.18 (95% CI 0.99-1.42) for substituting saturated for monounsaturated fat, 0.98 (95% CI 0.85-1.12) for substituting saturated for polyunsaturated fat and 0.87 (95% CI 0.73-1.02) for substituting monounsaturated for polyunsaturated fat. No associations were observed for animal or vegetable fat intakes. These associations were not modified by menopausal status. These data are suggestive of only a weak positive association with substitution of saturated fat for carbohydrate consumption; none of the other types of fat examined was significantly associated with breast cancer risk relative to an equivalent reduction in carbohydrate consumption.
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| 4. |
- Bergström, A., et al.
(författare)
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Occupational physical activity and renal cell cancer : a nationwide cohort study in Sweden
- 1999
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - New York, USA : John Wiley & Sons. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 83:2, s. 186-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The causes of renal cell cancer remain incompletely understood. In one previous retrospective case-control study, high occupational physical activity has been associated with a decreased risk among men, but not among women. Our aim was to investigate the association between occupational physical activity and renal cell cancer in a large cohort in Sweden. A cohort of Swedish men and women was identified in the nationwide censuses in 1960 and 1970, and the reported occupations were classified into 4 levels of physical demands. Follow-up from 1971 through 1989 was accomplished through record linkages to the Swedish Cancer Registry. Multivariate Poisson regression models were used to estimate relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We found a monotonic increase in risk of renal cell cancer with decreasing level of occupational physical activity among men (p for trend <0.001). After adjustment for socio-economic status, place of residence, and calendar year of follow-up, men with long-term sedentary jobs had a 25% (RR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.02-1.53) increased risk compared to men with physically demanding occupations. Among women there was no association, the dose-risk trend was not significant (p for trend >0.50). Occupational physical activity was inversely associated with renal cell cancer among men. The absence of association among women might be due to smaller range of exposure, confounding by household work or reproductive factors, or to a difference in biological response to physical activity in men and women.
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| 5. |
- Wolk, A., et al.
(författare)
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International renal cell cancer study. VII. Role of diet
- 1996
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - Hoboken, USA : John Wiley & Sons. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 65:1, s. 67-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the role of diet in the etiology of renal cell cancer (RCC) in a multi-center, population-based case-control study conducted in Australia, Denmark, Sweden and the United States, using a shared protocol. A total of 1,185 incident histopathologically confirmed cases (698 men, 487 women) and 1,526 controls (915 men, 611 women) frequency-matched to cases by sex and age were included in the analyses. The association between RCC and diet was estimated by relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for age, sex, study center, body mass index and smoking. A statistically significant positive association was observed for total energy intake (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.4-2.2 for the highest vs. lowest quartile, p value for trend < 0.00001), while the hypothesis that protein and fat are risk factors independent of energy was not supported. Fried meats were associated with increased RCC risk, while vegetables and fruits were protective, with the strongest effect observed for the highest quartile of consumption of orange/dark green vegetables but not vitamin C or beta carotene. Increased risk was associated with low intake (lowest decile) of vitamin E and magnesium. We observed an apparent protective effect of alcohol confined to women and probably due to chance. Our findings indicate an important role of nutrition in the development of RCC. The apparent positive association of energy intake with risk of RCC needs further investigation in a prospective cohort study to exclude the possible impact of differences in recall between cases and controls.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Larsson, S C, et al.
(författare)
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Meat, fish, poultry and egg consumption in relation to risk of pancreatic cancer : A prospective study
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - Karolinska Inst, Natl Inst Environm Med, Div Nutr Epidemiol, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. Karolinska Univ Hosp, Karolinska Inst, Dept Clin Sci Intervent & Technol, Stockholm, Sweden. : WILEY-LISS. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 118:11, s. 2866-2870
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High meat consumption has been associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer in several, although not all, case-control studies However, prospective data on this relationship are sparse, and the results have been inconsistent. We prospectively evaluated meat, fish, poultry, and egg consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer incidence in a population- based cohort of 61,433 Swedish women. Diet was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline (1987-1990) and again in 1997. Pancreatic cancers were ascertained through linkage to the Swedish Cancer Register. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI). During the 941,218 person-years of follow-up, from 1987 through 2004, 172 incident cases of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed. Long-term red meat consumption (using data from both dietary questionnaires) was positively associated with risk of pancreatic cancer (p-trend = 0.01.), whereas long-term poultry consumption was inversely (p-trend = 0.04) associated with risk. The multivariate hazard ratios for the highest versus the lowest category of consumption were 1.73 (95% CI = 0.99-2.98) for red meat and 0.44 (95% CI = 0.204).97) for poultry. There were no significant associations with processed meat, fish or egg consumption. Findings from this prospective study suggest that substituting poultry for red meat might reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 9. |
- Larsson, S C, et al.
(författare)
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Milk, milk products and lactose intake and ovarian cancer risk : A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - Karolinska Inst, Natl Inst Environm Med, Div Natl Epidemiol, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. : WILEY-LISS. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 118:2, s. 431-441
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been proposed, on the basis of animal models and ecological studies, that consumption or metabolism of dairy sugar may increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Case-control and cohort studies of the association between lactose and dairy food consumption and ovarian cancer risk, however, have yielded varied findings. We summarized the available literature on this topic using a meta-analytic approach. Random-effects models were used to estimate the summary relative risks (RRsummary). A linear regression analysis of the natural logarithm of the was carried out to assess a possible dose-response relationship between lactose intake and ovarian cancer risk. Eighteen case-control and 3 prospective cohort studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The findings of case-control studies were heterogeneous, and, except for whole milk (RRsummary for highest vs. lowest category = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.97-1.68), do not provide evidence of positive associations between dairy food and lactose intakes with risk of ovarian cancer. In contrast, the 3 cohort studies are consistent and show significant positive associations between intakes of total dairy foods, low-fat milk, and lactose and risk of ovarian cancer. The RRsummary for a daily increase of 10 g in lactose intake (the approximate amount in I glass of milk) was 1.13 (95% CI = 1.05-1.22) for cohort studies. In conclusion, prospective cohort studies, but not case-control studies, support the hypothesis that high intakes of dairy foods and lactose may increase the risk of ovarian cancer. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
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