| 1. |
- Latvala, Antti, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive ability and risk for substance misuse in men : genetic and environmental correlations in a longitudinal nation-wide family study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Addiction. - Stockholm : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 111:10, s. 1814-1822
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To investigate the association in males between cognitive ability in late adolescence and subsequent substance misuse-related events, and to study the underlying genetic and environmental correlations.Design: A population-based longitudinal study with three different family-based designs. Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to investigate the association at the individual level. Bivariate quantitative genetic modelling in (1) full brothers and maternal half-brothers, (2) full brothers reared together and apart and (3) monozygotic and dizygotic twin brothers was used to estimate genetic and environmental correlations.Setting: Register-based study in Sweden.Participants: The full sample included 1 402 333 Swedish men born 1958-91 and conscripted at mean age 18.2 [standard deviation (SD) = 0.5] years. A total of 1 361 066 men who had no substance misuse events before cognitive assessment at mandatory military conscription were included in the Cox regression models, with a follow-up time of up to 35.6 years.Measures Cognitive ability was assessed at conscription with the Swedish Enlistment Battery. Substance misuse events included alcohol- and drug-related court convictions, medical treatments and deaths, available from governmental registries.Findings: Lower cognitive ability in late adolescence predicted an increased risk for substance misuse events [hazard ratio (HR) for a 1-stanine unit decrease in cognitive ability: 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.29-1.30]. The association was somewhat attenuated within clusters of full brothers (HR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.20-1.23). Quantitative genetic analyses indicated that the association was due primarily to genetic influences; the genetic correlations ranged between -0.39 (95% CI = -0.45, -0.34) and -0.52 (95% CI -0.55, -0.48) in the three different designs.Conclusions: Shared genetic influences appear to underlie the association between low cognitive ability and subsequent risk for substance misuse events among Swedish men.
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| 2. |
- Khemiri, Lotfi, et al.
(författare)
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Association of parental substance use disorder with offspring cognition : a population family-based study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 115:2, s. 326-336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: To assess whether parental substance use disorder (SUD) is associated with lower cognitive ability in offspring, and whether the association is independent of shared genetic factors.DESIGN: A population family-based cohort study utilizing national Swedish registries. Linear regression with increased adjustment of covariates was performed in the full population. In addition, the mechanism of the association was investigated with children-of-sibling analyses using fixed-effects regression with three types of sibling parents with increasing genetic relatedness (half-siblings, full siblings and monozygotic twins).SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3 004 401 people born in Sweden between 1951 and 1998.MEASUREMENTS: The exposure variable was parental SUD, operationalized as having a parent with life-time SUD diagnosis or substance-related criminal conviction in the National Patient Register or Crime Register, respectively. Outcomes were cognitive test score at military conscription and final school grades when graduating from compulsory school. Covariates included in the analyses were sex, birth year, parental education, parental migration status and parental psychiatric comorbid diagnoses.FINDINGS: In the full population, parental SUD was associated with decreased cognitive test stanine scores at conscription [4.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.55-4.57] and lower Z-standardized school grades (-0.43, 95% CI = -0.43 to -0.42) compared to people with no parental SUD (cognitive test: 5.17, 95% CI = 5.17-5.18; grades: 0.09, 95% CI = 0.08-0.09). There was evidence of a dose-response relationship, in that having two parents with SUD (cognitive test: 4.17, 95% CI = 4.15-4.20; grades: -0.83, 95% CI = -0.84 to -0.82) was associated with even lower cognitive ability than having one parent with SUD (cognitive test: 4.60, 95% CI = 4.59-4.60; grades: -0.38, 95% CI = -0.39 to -0.380). In the children-of-siblings analyses when accounting for genetic relatedness, these negative associations were attenuated, suggestive of shared underlying genetic factors.CONCLUSIONS: There appear to be shared genetic factors between parental substance use disorder (SUD) and offspring cognitive function, suggesting that cognitive deficits may constitute a genetically transmitted risk factor in SUD.
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| 3. |
- Lundholm, Lena, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Anabolic androgenic steroids and violent offending : Confounding by polysubstance abuse among 10,365 general population men
- 2015
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 110:1, s. 100-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and AimsAnabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use is associated with aggressive and violent behaviour, but it remains uncertain if this relationship is causal in humans. We examined the link between AAS use and violent crime while controlling for polysubstance abuse and additional suggested risk factors for violence. DesignCross-sectional study of a population-based sample. SettingIn 2005, all Swedish-born male twins aged 20-47 years were invited to participate in the Swedish Twin Adults: Genes and Environment (STAGE) survey of the Swedish Twin Register (response rate=60%). ParticipantsA total of 10365 male survey participants with information on AAS use. MeasurementData on self-reported use of AAS, alcohol and other substances, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and personality disorder symptoms were linked to nation-wide, longitudinal register information on criminal convictions, IQ, psychological functioning and childhood socio-economic status (SES) covariates. FindingsAny life-time use of AAS was associated strongly with conviction for a violent crime [2.7 versus 0.6% in convicted and non-convicted men, respectively; odds ratio (OR)=5.0, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.7-9.3]. However, this link was substantially reduced and no longer significant when controlling for other substance abuse (OR=1.6, 95% CI=0.8-3.3). Controlling for IQ, psychological functioning, ADHD, personality disorder symptoms and childhood SES did not reduce the risk further. ConclusionIn the general population, co-occurring polysubstance abuse, but not IQ, other neuropsychological risks or socio-economic status, explains most of the relatively strong association between any anabolic androgenic steroid use and conviction for a violent crime.
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| 4. |
- Salvatore, Jessica E., et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol use disorder and divorce : evidence for a genetic correlation in a population-based Swedish sample
- 2017
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 112:4, s. 586-593
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: We tested the association between alcohol use disorder (AUD) and divorce; estimated the genetic and environmental influences on divorce; estimated how much genetic and environmental influences accounted for covariance between AUD and divorce; and estimated latent genetic and environmental correlations between AUD and divorce. We tested sex differences in these effects. Design: We identified twin and sibling pairs with AUD and divorce information in Swedish national registers. We described the association between AUD and divorce using tetrachorics and used twin and sibling models to estimate genetic and environmental influences on divorce, on the covariance between AUD and divorce and the latent genetic and environmental correlations between AUD and divorce. Setting: Sweden. Participants: A total of 670 836 individuals (53% male) born 1940–1965. Measurements: Life-time measures of AUD and divorce. Findings: AUD and divorce were related strongly (males: rtet = +0.44, 95% CI = 0.43, 0.45; females rtet = +0.37, 95% CI = 0.36, 0.38). Genetic factors accounted for a modest proportion of the variance in divorce (males: 21.3%, 95% CI = 7.6, 28.5; females: 31.0%, 95% CI = 18.8, 37.1). Genetic factors accounted for most of the covariance between AUD and divorce (males: 52.0%, 95% CI = 48.8, 67.9; females: 53.74%, 95% CI = 17.6, 54.5), followed by non-shared environmental factors (males: 45.0%, 95% CI = 37.5, 54.9; females: 41.6%, 95% CI = 40.3, 60.2). Shared environmental factors accounted for a negligible proportion of the covariance (males: 3.0%, 95% CI = −3.0, 13.5; females: 4.75%, 95% CI = 0.0, 6.6). The AUD–divorce genetic correlations were high (males: rA = +0.76, 95% CI = 0.53, 0.90; females +0.52, 95% CI = 0.24, 0.67). The non-shared environmental correlations were modest (males: rE = +0.32, 95% CI = 0.31, 0.40; females: +0.27, 95% CI = 0.27, 0.36). Conclusions: Divorce and alcohol use disorder are correlated strongly in the Swedish population, and the heritability of divorce is consistent with previous studies. Covariation between AUD and divorce results from overlapping genetic and non-shared environmental factors. Latent genetic and non-shared environmental correlations for alcohol use disorder and divorce are high and moderate.
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| 5. |
- Virtanen, Suvi, et al.
(författare)
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Association of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment with acute substance misuse outcomes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 117:1, s. 234-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed medications for patients with anxiety/depression. These patients often have problems with substance use, but it remains unclear whether the risk of substance misuse is influenced by SSRI treatment. We aimed to determine whether SSRI treatment is associated with a decreased risk of acute substance misuse-related outcomes.DESIGN: Cohort study following individuals through Swedish nationwide registers between July 2005 and December 2013 and comparing the risk of substance misuse outcomes during periods on- versus off-treatment within the same individual.SETTING: Swedish general population.PARTICIPANTS: Individuals with a new dispensed prescription of SSRIs between July 2006 and December 2013, and an ICD-10 diagnosis of anxiety/depressive disorder before the first treatment initiation. The cohort included 146,114 individuals (60.7% women).MEASUREMENTS: Substance misuse outcomes included ICD-10 diagnoses of acute intoxications (F10.0-F19.0), accidental poisonings by alcohol or drugs (X41-X42, X45-X46), and substance-related criminal offenses.FINDINGS: The absolute rate of substance misuse increased sharply before the onset of SSRI treatment and decreased after treatment initiation. Stratified Cox regression models showed an elevated risk (hazard ratio (HR)=1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62-1.78) of substance misuse outcomes during a 1-month period preceding treatment initiation, compared with the reference period of more than 1 month before treatment start. The on-treatment estimates (1-30 days [HR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.23-1.37], 31-120 days [HR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.24-1.35], and >120 days [HR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.18-1.30] after treatment initiation) were consistently lower than the 1-month pre-treatment estimate, but still elevated compared with the reference period.CONCLUSIONS: For people with anxiety/depression, the risk of substance misuse appears to be particularly elevated right before initiating selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment, which may reflect the emergence or worsening of substance use problems concurrently with anxiety/depression. SSRI treatment appears to be associated with a lower risk of substance misuse compared with the 1-month period preceding treatment initiation, but causality remains uncertain.
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