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- Faraone, Stephen V., et al.
(author)
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The Familial Co-Aggregation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Intellectual Disability : A Register-Based Family Study
- 2017
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In: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0890-8567 .- 1527-5418. ; 56:2, s. 167-174.e1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Although many studies document an association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and intellectual disability (ID), little is known about the etiology of this comorbidity and how it should be addressed in clinical settings. We sought to clarify this issue.Method: All individuals born in Sweden between 1987 and 2006 (n = 2,049,587) were identified using the Medical Birth Register (MBR). From this we selected 7 cohorts of relatives: 1,899,654 parent-offspring pairs, 4,180 monozygotic twin pairs, 12,655 dizygotic twin pairs, 914,848 full sibling pairs, 136,962 maternal half-sibling pairs, 134,502 paternal half-sibling pairs, and 2,790,164 full cousin pairs. We used within-individual and within-family analyses to assess the association between ADHD and ID.Results: Individuals with ID were at increased risk for ADHD compared to those without ID, and relatives of participants with ID were at increased risk of ADHD compared with relatives of those without ID. The magnitude of this association was positively associated with the fraction of the genome shared by the relative pair and was lower for severe compared with mild and moderate ID. Model-fitting analyses demonstrated that 91% of the correlation between the liabilities of ADHD and ID was attributable to genetic factors.Conclusion: These data provide evidence that nearly all of the comorbidity between ADHD and ID can be attributed to genetic factors, which has implications for diagnostic practice.
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| 2. |
- Ghirardi, Laura, et al.
(author)
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medication and Unintentional Injuries in Children and Adolescents
- 2020
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In: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0890-8567 .- 1527-5418. ; 59:8, s. 944-951
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether ADHD medication is associated with a decreased risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents in the United States across sexes, age groups and injury types.METHOD: We used de-identified inpatient, outpatient, and filled prescription claims data from the Truven Health MarketScan® Research Databases. Individuals were followed from January 1, 2005, date of first ADHD diagnosis or medication prescription, or age 6, whichever occurred last, until December 31, 2014, first healthcare insurance disenrollment, or the first year at which their age was recorded as 19, whichever occurred first. A person was considered on ADHD medication during a given month if a prescription was filled in that month. The outcome was defined as emergency department visits for injuries, including traumatic brain injuries, with unintentional causes. Odds of having the outcome were compared between medicated and un-medicated months at the population-level and in within-individual analyses using logistic regression.RESULTS: Among 1 968 146 individuals diagnosed with ADHD or receiving ADHD medication, 87 154 had at least one event. At the population-level, medication use was associated a lower risk of injuries, both in boys (OR= 0.85; 95% CI: 0.84-0.86) and girls (OR=0.87; 95% CI: 0.85-0.89). Similar results were obtained from within-individual analysis among male (OR= 0.72; 95% CI: 0.70-0.74) and female (OR= 0.72; 95% CI: 0.69-0.75) children, and among male (OR= 0.64; 95% CI: 0.60-0.67) and female (OR= 0.65; 95% CI: 0.60-0.71) adolescents. Similar results were found for traumatic brain injuries.CONCLUSION: ADHD medication use was associated with a reduction of different types of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents of both sexes.
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