| 1. |
- Berthelsen, A., et al.
(författare)
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Recording marine airgun shots at offsets between 300 and 700 km
- 1991
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 18:4, s. 645-648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper demonstrates that - under favorable conditions - by using multichannel recording and subsequent stacking of adjacent records marine airgun shots have been detected at offset distances up to 700 km, the maximum offset at which the authors attempted to record data.^Besides a powerful airgun array, a low noise environment at the recording site and the elimination of static shifts are the prerequisites to obtain refracted and reflected arrivals from the crust and upper mantle at such large offsets.^Primary arrivals detected at offsets between 400 and 700 km image the upper mantle from 70 to about 120 km depth.^Stacking of neighboring shots and/or receivers successfully increases the signal-to-noise ratio, if the traces have been corrected for offset differences, which requires knowledge of the apparent phase velocities.^The data presented here were collected in autumn 1989 during the BABEL Project on the Baltic Shield.
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| 2. |
- Blomberg, Lars G., et al.
(författare)
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High-Latitude Convection Patterns For Various Large-Scale Field-Aligned Current Configurations
- 1991
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 18:4, s. 717-720
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The large-scale field-aligned current system for persistent northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is typically different from that for persistent southward IMF. One characteristic difference is that for northward IMF there is often a large-scale field-aligned current system poleward of the main auroral oval. This current system (the NBZ current) typically occupies a large fraction of the region poleward of the region 1 and 2 currents. The present paper models the high-latitude convection as a function of the large-scale field-aligned currents. In particular, a possible evolution of the convection pattern as the current system changes from a typical configuration for southward IMF to a configuration representing northward IMF (or vice versa) is presented. Depending on additional assumptions, for example about the y-component of the IMF, the convection pattern could either turn directly from a two-cell type to a four-cell type, or a three-cell type pattern could show up as an intermediate state. An interesting although rather surprising result of this study is that different ways of balancing the NBZ currents has a minor influence on the large-scale convection pattern.
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| 3. |
- Erlandson, R. E., et al.
(författare)
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Freja observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron ELF waves and transverse oxygen ion acceleration on auroral field lines
- 1994
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276. ; 21:17, s. 1855-1858
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic and electric field plasma wave emissions were recorded on 2 October 1993 on auroral field lines by the Magnetic Field Experiment during Freja orbit 4770. The ELF wave frequencies were below the local oxygen gyrofrequency (25 Hz) and between the helium and proton gyrofrequencies (100 to 400 Hz). The ELF waves, interpreted as electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, were observed in a region of inverted-v-type electron precipitation. The EMIC waves were correlated over time with auroral and lower energy (≈ 100 eV) electrons, which are both possible sources of free energy, and also with transversely accelerated oxygen ions. The waves above the helium gyrofrequency were more closely correlated with the transverse oxygen ion acceleration than the waves below the oxygen gyrofrequency. These observations are consistent with a scenario in which electron beams generate EMIC waves, which then produce transverse oxygen ion acceleration through a gyroresonant interaction.
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| 4. |
- Feldstein, Y. I., et al.
(författare)
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Electromagnetic weather at 100 km altitude on 3 August 1986
- 1994
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 21, s. 2095-2098
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electromagnetic weather at high altitudes above the Earth’s surface is determined by the transport of ionospheric plasma, which in turn is governed by the magnitude as well as the direction of the electric and magnetic fields. Different models [Levitin et al., 1984; Friis-Christensen et al., 1985; Mishin, 1990] have been proposed that allow an estimation of the electromagnetic parameters of the upper atmosphere, given a knowledge of the magnitude and orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field. Here we use one such model to estimate the global convection pattern and its temporal evolution during a pass of the Swedish satellite Viking over the northern polar cap. The model predictions are shown to agree well with the electric and magnetic fields measured along the satellite trajectory. The good agreement implies that the model can be used to reconstruct, with reasonable confidence, the large-scale distribution of electric and magnetic fields and their time-variation in the entire auroral ionosphere.
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| 5. |
- KLETZING, CA, et al.
(författare)
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Electric-fields derived from electron-drift measurements
- 1994
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Ingår i: GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0094-8276. ; 21:17, s. 1863-1866
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first observations of electric fields derived from electron E x B drift measurements aboard the Freja spacecraft are presented. The instrument injects a weak beam of 3 keV electrons and measures the displacement of the returning electrons after one gyroperiod. After removing effects due to beam-detector geometry and applying an empirical calibration based upon comparison with the computed v x B electric field induced by the spacecraft motion, good agreement is found when the electron drift measurements are compared with the electric field components measured by the double probe experiment. Examples are presented in which moderately large electric fields are observed near the edges of or adjacent to electron precipitation regions with little or no electric field within.
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| 6. |
- Knudsen, D. J., et al.
(författare)
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Sub-kilometer thermal plasma structure near 1750 km altitude in the polar cusp/cleft
- 1994
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276. ; 21:17, s. 1907-1910
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present Freja Cold Plasma Analyzer (CPA) measurements from an encounter with the low altitude (approx.1750 km) polar cusp during which the CPA measured 2-D images of the thermal (0-16 eV) particle distributions at 1.2 s time resolution, and simultaneously made rapid estimates (600/s) of integrated thermal particle flux into the instrument. The high resolution data show bursty ion flux enhancements of the order of tens of percent on time scales of tens of ms, or alternatively, hundreds of m spatial scales. The flux of electrons from 0-16 eV also varied by tens of percent and on temporal/spatial scales comparable to those in the ion cases. There is some evidence that the thermal particle flux variations are associated with intense low-frequency electromagnetic fluctuations with temporal/spatial scales identical to those seen by the CPA (tens of ms. hundreds of m).
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| 7. |
- Lühr, H, et al.
(författare)
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Fine-structure of field-aligned currente sheets deduced from spacecraft and ground-based observations - initial Freja results
- 1994
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 21, s. 1883-1886
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to its special orbit-over large segments tangential to the auroral oval and at altitudes around 1600 km-FREJA provides measurements from a sparsely sampled region. Here we will introduce initial results from the magnetic field experiment. For one event occurring about an hour after midnight we investigate the fine structure of the field-aligned currents associated with a westward electrojet. From simultaneous ground-based observations we deduce the orientation and the spatial and temporal variations of the electrojet. Space-borne magnetic field measurements provide estimates of the field-aligned current density. We deduce a lower limit of 1.75 km for the thickness of field-aligned current filaments. The comparison between electric and magnetic field recordings on FREJA suggests a poor correlation of these quantities for this event.
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| 8. |
- MALINGRE, M, et al.
(författare)
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SPORADIC ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSIONS IN THE AKR FREQUENCY-RANGE ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTROSTATIC PLASMA TURBULENCE
- 1992
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Ingår i: GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0094-8276. ; 19:13, s. 1339-1342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present heretofore unreported Viking observations of sporadic AKR bursts occurring well above the electron gyrofrequency together with spiky electrostatic emissions recorded just above the lower hybrid frequency, which exhibit a high degree of correlation in time. Both types of waves show simultaneous large amplitude variations of the order of 30-40 dB on time scales of a few hundreds of ms. Possible interpretations which may account for the observed correlation are investigated. Arguments are given which suggest that such events could be the signature of small scale non-linear structures in the plasma.
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| 9. |
- Marklund, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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On intense diverging electric fields associated with black aurora
- 1994
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276. ; 21:17, s. 1859-1862
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results are presented from the double-probe electric field instrument on the Freja satellite with particular focus on the fine-structured and dynamic plasma of the upper auroral ionosphere. The high-resolution measurements show frequently occuring intense and irregular fine-scale electric fields similar to those observed at higher altitudes by, for example, the S3-3 and Viking satellites. Whereas the high-altitude fields tend to be directly related to the auroral fine-structure this is not always the case for the low-altitude fields as illustrated by high-resolution data of a pair of very intense (≈ 1 V/m), narrow electric field structures in the post-midnight sector in the large-scale downward field-aligned current region. The structures are found to be associated with an excess of positive space charge (diverging electric fields), dropouts of precipitating electrons as well as depletions of thermal plasma, and significant wave activity. Combined with the scale-size of the structures (≈ 1 km) and the spacing between them (≈ 5 km) these observations suggest that the intense electric fields are related to east-west aligned vortex street structures of black aurora, similar to auroral curls but with opposite sense of rotation (clockwise seen antiparallel to B) and a total absence of auroral emissions. The detection of these structures was made possible by the relatively low inclination of the Freja orbit, which at times is almost tangential to the auroral oval. Thus, the Freja orbit provides a new perspective for studying many nightside auroral phenomena both at smaller scales (vortices) and at larger scales as exemplified by observations of north-south oriented auroral structures caused by rotational arc distortions.
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| 10. |
- Meissner, R., et al.
(författare)
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Deep seismic survey images crustal structure of Tornquist Zone beneath southern Baltic Sea
- 1991
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 18:6, s. 1091-1094
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Tornquist Zone is Europe's longest tectonic lineament and bisects the continent in a NW-SE direction from the North Sea (off NW Denmark) to the Black Sea. New deep seismic reflection and coincident refraction data have been collected across its 50 km wide, intensely faulted and inverted NW part. The marine reflection profile in the area north of Bornholm Island shows a tilted block structure in the rigid upper crust, whereas the lower crust seems to be more gently uplifted. A complex transition from the highly reflective lower crust to the mantle is indicated by mantle reflections and a curious wide-angle event recorded by a landstation on Bornholm Island. We suggest that deep-reaching inversion tectonics, induced by Alpine and Carpathian orogeny, were responsible for the development of the gross crust-mantle structure of the Tornquist Zone in our study area, which seems to be similar to that in Poland.
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