| 1. |
- Fransson, Eleonor, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Job strain as a risk factor for leisure-time physical inactivity : an individual-participant meta-analysis of up to 170,000 men and women
- 2012
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Ingår i: American Journal of Epidemiology. - Cary : Oxford University Press. - 0002-9262 .- 1476-6256. ; 176:12, s. 1078-1089
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unfavorable work characteristics, such as low job control and too high or too low job demands, have been suggested to increase the likelihood of physical inactivity during leisure time, but this has not been verified in large-scale studies. The authors combined individual-level data from 14 European cohort studies (baseline years from 19851988 to 20062008) to examine the association between unfavorable work characteristics and leisure-time physical inactivity in a total of 170,162 employees (50 women; mean age, 43.5 years). Of these employees, 56,735 were reexamined after 29 years. In cross-sectional analyses, the odds for physical inactivity were 26 higher (odds ratio 1.26, 95 confidence interval: 1.15, 1.38) for employees with high-strain jobs (low control/high demands) and 21 higher (odds ratio 1.21, 95 confidence interval: 1.11, 1.31) for those with passive jobs (low control/low demands) compared with employees in low-strain jobs (high control/low demands). In prospective analyses restricted to physically active participants, the odds of becoming physically inactive during follow-up were 21 and 20 higher for those with high-strain (odds ratio 1.21, 95 confidence interval: 1.11, 1.32) and passive (odds ratio 1.20, 95 confidence interval: 1.11, 1.30) jobs at baseline. These data suggest that unfavorable work characteristics may have a spillover effect on leisure-time physical activity.
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| 2. |
- Klareskog, L., et al.
(författare)
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The importance of differences : On environment and its interactions with genes and immunity in the causation of rheumatoid arthritis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Internal Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0954-6820 .- 1365-2796. ; 287:5, s. 514-533
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current review uses rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a prominent example for how studies on the interplay between environmental and genetic factors in defined subsets of a disease can be used to formulate aetiological hypotheses that subsequently can be tested for causality using molecular and functional studies. Major discussed findings are that exposures to airways from many different noxious agents including cigarette smoke, silica dust and more interact with major susceptibility genes, mainly HLA-DR genetic variants in triggering antigen-specific immune reactions specific for RA. We also discuss how several other environmental and lifestyle factors, including microbial, neural and metabolic factors, can influence risk for RA in ways that are different in different subsets of RA.The description of these processes in RA provides the best example so far in any immune-mediated disease of how triggering of immunity at one anatomical site in the context of known environmental and genetic factors subsequently can lead to symptoms that precede the classical inflammatory disease symptoms and later contribute also to the classical RA joint inflammation. The findings referred to in the review have led to a change of paradigms for very early therapy and prevention of RA and to efforts towards what we have named 'personalized prevention'. We believe that the progress described here for RA will be of relevance for research and practice also in other immune-mediated diseases.
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| 3. |
- Madsen, I. E. H., et al.
(författare)
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Job strain as a risk factor for clinical depression : systematic review and meta-analysis with additional individual participant data
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychological Medicine. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0033-2917 .- 1469-8978. ; 47:8, s. 1342-1356
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Adverse psychosocial working environments characterized by job strain (the combination of high demands and low control at work) are associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms among employees, but evidence on clinically diagnosed depression is scarce. We examined job strain as a risk factor for clinical depression. Method. We identified published cohort studies from a systematic literature search in PubMed and PsycNET and obtained 14 cohort studies with unpublished individual-level data from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working Populations (IPD-Work) Consortium. Summary estimates of the association were obtained using random-effects models. Individual-level data analyses were based on a pre-published study protocol. Results. We included six published studies with a total of 27 461 individuals and 914 incident cases of clinical depression. From unpublished datasets we included 120 221 individuals and 982 first episodes of hospital-treated clinical depression. Job strain was associated with an increased risk of clinical depression in both published [relative risk (RR) = 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47-2.13] and unpublished datasets (RR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.04-1.55). Further individual participant analyses showed a similar association across sociodemographic subgroups and after excluding individuals with baseline somatic disease. The association was unchanged when excluding individuals with baseline depressive symptoms (RR = 1.25, 95% CI 0.94-1.65), but attenuated on adjustment for a continuous depressive symptoms score (RR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.81-1.32). Conclusions. Job strain may precipitate clinical depression among employees. Future intervention studies should test whether job strain is a modifiable risk factor for depression.
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| 4. |
- Virtanen, Marianna, et al.
(författare)
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Long working hours and depressive symptoms : systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data
- 2018
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 44:3, s. 239-250
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis combined published study-level data and unpublished individual-participant data with the aim of quantifying the relation between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase for published prospective cohort studies and included available cohorts with unpublished individual-participant data. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate summary estimates across studies. Results We identified ten published cohort studies and included unpublished individual-participant data from 18 studies. In the majority of cohorts, long working hours was defined as working ≥55 hours per week. In multivariable-adjusted meta-analyses of 189 729 participants from 35 countries [96 275 men, 93 454 women, follow-up ranging from 1-5 years, 21 747 new-onset cases), there was an overall association of 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.25] between long working hours and the onset of depressive symptoms, with significant evidence of heterogeneity (I 2=45.1%, P=0.004). A moderate association between working hours and depressive symptoms was found in Asian countries (1.50, 95% CI 1.13-2.01), a weaker association in Europe (1.11, 95% CI 1.00-1.22), and no association in North America (0.97, 95% CI 0.70-1.34) or Australia (0.95, 95% CI 0.70-1.29). Differences by other characteristics were small. Conclusions This observational evidence suggests a moderate association between long working hours and onset of depressive symptoms in Asia and a small association in Europe.
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| 5. |
- Kivimäki, M, et al.
(författare)
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Job strain and ischaemic disease : does the inclusion of older employees in the cohort dilute the association? The WOLF Stockholm Study.
- 2008
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Ingår i: J Epidemiol Community Health. - : BMJ. - 1470-2738 .- 0143-005X. ; 62:4, s. 372-4
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Forskningsöversikt (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Job strain and ischaemic disease: does the inclusion of older employees in the cohort dilute the association? The WOLF Stockholm Study.Kivimäki M, Theorell T, Westerlund H, Vahtera J, Alfredsson L.International Institute for Society and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK. m.kivimaki@ucl.ac.ukOBJECTIVE: Evidence on the association between job strain and ischaemic disease is mixed. This study examined whether including older age individuals in a cohort used to assess job strain attenuates findings towards the null. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study with baseline screening in 1992-5. A follow-up for ischaemic disease until 2003 was based on linkages to national registries. Ischaemic disease was corroborated by objective criteria (hospitalisation as a result of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina or ischaemic stroke; or death from ischaemic heart disease, cardiac arrest or ischaemic stroke). PARTICIPANTS: 3160 male employees aged 19-65 years without pre-existing or current ischaemic disease. RESULTS: 93 cases of incident ischaemic disease were recorded. In the 19-55 year age group, the participants with job strain had a 1.76 (95% CI 1.05 to 2.95) times higher age-adjusted risk of incident ischaemic disease than those free of strain. Further adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors had little effect on this association, but the impact of job strain was reduced by 70% to non-significant after the inclusion of employees older than 55 years in the cohort (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.96). CONCLUSIONS: Including older employees in a cohort may dilute the effect of job strain on cardiovascular disease and is a potential reason for inconsistent findings in previous studies.
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| 6. |
- Lundell, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Fluid Mechanics of Papermaking
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. - : Annual Reviews. - 0066-4189 .- 1545-4479. ; 43, s. 195-217
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Papermaking is to a large extent a multiphase flow process in which the structure of the material and many of the relevant properties of the final product are determined by the interaction between water and the wood fibers. The dominant feature of a suspension composed of wood fibers and water is its inherent propensity to form bundles of mechanically entangled fibers, known as fiber flocs. However, the phenomena apparent throughout the papermaking process are not unique but in fact have a generic fluid dynamical nature.
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