| 1. |
- Backman, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence trends in respiratory symptoms and asthma in relation to smoking : two cross-sectional studies ten years apart among adults in northern Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: World Allergy Organization Journal. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1939-4551. ; 7:1, s. 1-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Smoking is considered to be the single most important preventable risk factor for respiratory symptoms. Estimating prevalence of respiratory symptoms is important since they most often precede a diagnosis of an obstructive airway disease, which places a major burden on the society. The aim of this study was to estimate prevalence trends of respiratory symptoms and asthma among Swedish adults, in relation to smoking habits. A further aim was to estimate the proportion of respiratory symptom and asthma prevalence attributable to smoking.METHODS: Data from two large-scale cross-sectional surveys among adults performed in northern Sweden in 1996 and 2006 were analysed. Identical methods and the same questionnaire were used in both surveys. The association between smoking, respiratory symptoms and asthma was analysed with multiple logistic regression analyses. Changes in prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma from 1996 to 2006 were expressed as odds ratios. Additionally, the population attributable risks of smoking were estimated.RESULTS: The prevalence of most respiratory symptoms decreased significantly from 1996 to 2006. Longstanding cough decreased from 12.4 to 10.1%, sputum production from 19.0 to 15.0%, chronic productive cough from 7.3 to 6.2%, and recurrent wheeze from 13.4 to 12.0%. Any wheeze and asthmatic wheeze remained unchanged. This parallels to a decrease in smoking from 27.4 to 19.1%. In contrast, physician-diagnosed asthma increased from 9.4 to 11.6%. The patterns were similar after correction for confounders. All respiratory symptoms were highly associated with smoking, and the proportion of respiratory symptoms in the population attributed to smoking (PAR) ranged from 9.8 to 25.5%. In 2006, PAR of smoking was highest for recurrent wheeze (20.6%).CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we found that respiratory symptoms, in particular symptoms common in bronchitis, decreased among adults in northern Sweden, parallel to a decrease in smoking from 1996 to 2006. In contrast, the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma increased during the same time-period. Up to one fourth of the respiratory symptom prevalence in the population was attributable to smoking.
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| 2. |
- Hagstad, Stig, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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COPD among non-smokers - Report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) studies
- 2012
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Ingår i: Respiratory Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0954-6111 .- 1532-3064. ; 106:7, s. 980-988
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In westernized countries smoking and increasing age are the most important risk factors for COPD. Prevalence and risk factors of COPD among non-smokers are not well studied. Aim: To study the prevalence and risk factors of COPD among non-smokers and to determine the proportion of non-smokers among subjects with COPD. Methods: A random sample of 2470 subjects drawn from a population-based postal survey of 10,040 (85-88% participation) adults (aged 20-77) in Norrbotten, Sweden, were invited to structured interviews and lung function tests, and 1897 participated. COPD was classified using the fixed ratio (GOLD) definition and for comparison the lower limit of normal (LLN). Results: The prevalence of airway obstruction was 6.9% among non-smokers and strongly age related. The prevalence of GOLD stage >= II among non-smokers was 15%. Both among subjects with airway obstruction and among subjects with GOLD stage >= II, the proportions of nonsmokers were 20%. Of men with airway obstruction, 14.1% were non-smokers versus 26.8% among women. Non-smokers with GOLD stage >= II had significantly more symptoms and higher co-morbidity than non-smokers without airway obstruction. Sex, area of domicile and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was not significantly associated to airway obstruction among non-smokers. Using LLN for defining airway obstruction yielded a similar prevalence. Conclusion: The prevalence of airway obstruction among non-smokers was close to 7% and was associated with increasing age. One out of seven men with airway obstruction, defined using the fixed ratio, versus one out of four women had never smoked. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Hagstad, Stig, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Passive Smoking Exposure Is Associated With Increased Risk of COPD in Never Smokers
- 2014
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Ingår i: Chest. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-3692 .- 1931-3543. ; 145:6, s. 1298-1304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Passive smoking, or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), is a risk factor for lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and childhood asthma, but a relationship with COPD has not been fully established. Our aim was to study ETS as a risk factor for COPD in never smokers. Methods: Data from three cross-sectional studies within the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) database were pooled. Of the 2,182 lifelong never smokers, 2,118 completed structured interviews and spirometry of acceptable quality. COPD was defined according to the GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) criteria using postbronchodilator spirometry. The association of COPD with ETS in single and multiple settings was calculated by multivariate logistic regression adjusting for known risk factors for COPD. Results: COPD prevalence was associated with increased ETS exposure: 4.2% (no ETS), 8.0% (ETS ever at home), 8.3% (ETS at previous work), and 14.7% (ETS ever at home and at both previous and current work), test for trend P 5.003. Exclusion of subjects aged >= 65 years and subjects reporting asthma yielded similar results. ETS in multiple settings, such as ever at home and at both previous and current work, was strongly associated to COPD (OR, 3.80; 95% CI, 1.29-11.2). Conclusions: In this population-based sample of never smokers, ETS was independently associated with COPD. The association was stronger for ETS in multiple settings. ETS in multiple settings was, after age, the strongest risk factor for COPD and comparable to personal smoking of up to 14 cigarettes/d in comparable materials. The findings strongly advocate measures against smoking in public places.
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| 4. |
- Jansson, Sven-Arne, et al.
(författare)
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Costs of COPD by disease severity
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal. - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 38:Suppl 55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic and disabling diseases worldwide, and the societal costs are high.Aim: To estimate the societal costs of COPD in Sweden and to examine the relationship between disease severity and costs.Methods: The study sample was identified in earlier clinical examinations of general population cohorts within the OLIN (Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden) studies. The cohort consisted initially of 993 subjects fulfilling COPD spirometric criteria (GOLD). In 2009-2010, telephone interviews on resource utilization were made to a sample of 244 subjects, stratified by disease severity. Interviews were performed quarterly to minimize the risk of recall bias. A non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to test cost differences between groups; p-values adjusted by Bonferroni correction. Unit costs from 2010 were applied.Results: A highly significant relationship was found between disease severity and costs. The mean annual total cost per patient in relation to disease severity (GOLD) was: stage I €811; II €2,660; III €7,068; and IV €20,665. Indirect costs were higher than direct costs in all severity stages. For direct costs, main cost drivers were hospitalizations in stage III and IV, and drugs in stage I and II, respectively. The main cost driver in indirect costs was productivity loss due to early retirement, except in stage I where the driver was sick-leave. In comparison with a similar study performed in 1999 a numerical increase in mean annual total costs per patient was observed (ns).Conclusions: The results indicate that the societal costs of COPD in Sweden are substantial, and the costs increase considerably by disease severity.
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| 5. |
- Jansson, Sven-Arne, et al.
(författare)
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Health economic costs of COPD in Sweden by disease severity - Has it changed during a ten years period?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Respiratory Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0954-6111 .- 1532-3064. ; 107:12, s. 1931-1938
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The objectives of the presented study were to estimate societal costs of COPD in Sweden, the relationship between costs and disease severity, and possible changes in the costs during the last decade. Methods: Subjects with COPD derived from the general population in Northern Sweden were interviewed by telephone regarding their resource utilisation and productivity losses four times quarterly during 2009-10. Mean annual costs were estimated for each severity stage of COPD. Results: A strong relationship was found between disease severity and costs. Estimated mean annual costs per subject of mild, moderate, severe and very severe COPD amounted to 596 (SEK 5686), 3245 (SEK 30,957), 5686 (SEK 54,242), and 17,355 euros (SEK 165,569), respectively. The main cost drivers for direct costs were hospitalisations (for very severe COPD) and drugs (all other severity stages). The main cost driver for indirect costs was productivity loss due to sick-leave (for mild COPD) and early retirement (all other severity stages). Costs appeared to be lower in 2010 than in 1999 for subjects with severe and very severe COPD, but higher for those with mild and moderate COPD. Conclusion: Our results show that costs of COPD are strongly related to disease severity, and scaling the data to the whole Swedish population indicates that the total costs in Sweden amounted to 1.5 billion euros (SEK 13.9 bn) in 2010. In addition, costs have decreased since 1999 for subjects with severe and very severe COPD, but increased for those with mild and moderate COPD. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Jansson, Sven-Arne, et al.
(författare)
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Sjukvårdskostnader och läkemedelsanvändning hos individer med KOL i Sverige
- 2010
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Ingår i: Svenska läkaresällskapets handlingar: Hygiea. - 0349-1722. ; 119:1, s. 92-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bakgrund Kroniskt obstruktiv lungsjukdom (KOL) är en av de vanligast förekommande sjukdomarna i Sverige och medför stort lidande för de drabbade. De samhällsekonomiska kostnaderna till följd av sjukdomen är höga. Syftet var att studera sjukvårdskostnader (sjukhusinläggningar och öppenvårdsbesök) och läkemedelsanvändning hos individer med respektive utan KOL.Metod Studiepopulationen är identifierad sedan tidigare i kliniska undersökningar av populationsbaserade kohorter inom OLIN-studierna (Obstruktiv Lungsjukdom i Norrbotten). Kohorten innehöll ursprungligen 993 individer, vilka alla uppfyllde kriterierna (GOLD) för KOL; samt en lika stor ålders- och könsmatchad kontrollgrupp utan sjukdomen. Dessa individer har sedan 2005 kallats till årliga intervjuer och kliniska undersökningar. Deltagandegraden har varit >85% varje år. Analysen är baserad på data om resurskonsumtion insamlade år 2006 (n=772 KOL, n=802 icke-KOL). Enhetskostnader från Norra Sjukvårdsregionens prislista 2010 har använts.Resultat Bland individer med KOL uppgick genomsnittliga sjukvårdskostnaden för alla sjukdomar till 14 299 kr per individ och år jämfört med 11 312 kr för individer utan KOL (p=0,16). Uppdelat i svårighetsgrad var motsvarande kostnader: stadium 1 – 11 657 kr (p=0,92), 2 – 17 552 kr (p=0,12), 3+4 – 22 226 kr (p<0,01). En mindre del av kostnaderna hänfördes till luftvägssjukdomar; 10,5% bland individer med KOL och 6,2% bland individer utan KOL. Kostnader för luftvägssjukdomar var signifikant högre bland individer med KOL och ökade med sjukdomens svårighetsgrad. Individer med KOL uppvisade 20% högre kostnader för andra sjukdomar jämfört med individer utan KOL. Andelen individer med KOL som använde luftvägsmediciner ökade med sjukdomens svårighetsgrad (stadium 1 - 29,6%, 2 - 51,5% respektive 3+4 - 84,8%). Andelen individer som använde läkemedel mot andra sjukdomar än luftvägssjukdomar tenderade att vara högre bland individer med KOL jämfört med individer utan KOL, framförallt i svårare grader av sjukdomen.Sammanfattning Sjukvårdskostnader och andelen individer som använde läkemedel var högre bland individer med KOL och ökade med sjukdomens svårighetsgrad. Resultaten tyder på att utöver sjukdomen i sig, är även komorbiditet en bidragande orsak till de högre kostnaderna. Det är av stor vikt, både samhällsekonomiskt och för patientens bästa, att upptäcka och diagnostisera KOL i ett tidigt stadium för att förhindra att sjukdomen fortskrider till allvarligare stadier.
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| 7. |
- Warm, Katja, et al.
(författare)
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Low incidence and high remission of allergic sensitization among adults
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0091-6749 .- 1097-6825. ; 129:1, s. 136-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Prospective studies on the incidence and remission of allergic sensitization among adults are rare.OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the incidence, remission, risk factors, and prevalence of allergic sensitization in relation to aging over a 10-year period.METHODS: In 1994, a sample of 664 adults (68% of invited) participated in clinical examinations, including a structured interview and skin prick tests (SPTs). The sample was randomly selected from a large questionnaire survey in Northern Sweden. In 2004, 555 subjects (93% of invited) were re-examined by using the same methods as in 1994. IgE levels were also measured in 2004.RESULTS: In 1994, the prevalence of any positive SPT response was significantly related to age, with the highest prevalence (55%) in subjects aged 20 to 29 years and the lowest prevalence (26%) in subjects aged 50 to 60 years. A similar age-related prevalence was found in 2004, and sensitization to pollen and pets was most common in both years. The results of the SPTs were verified by means of specific IgE measurement. The incidence of any positive SPT response was low. Only 9 subjects had any positive SPT response (ie, a cumulative incidence of 5% over 10 years). Remission was greater (ie, 32% over 10 years). The main risk factors for allergic sensitization were young age and a family history of allergy. Having had furred animals at home during childhood was negatively related to specific IgE levels.CONCLUSION: The low incidence and high remission in adulthood explain the decreasing prevalence of allergic sensitization by age. Thus the low prevalence of allergic sensitization among the elderly found in cross-sectional studies is an effect of normal aging and not primarily a birth cohort effect.
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