| 1. |
- Pallottini, A., et al.
(författare)
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Deep into the structure of the first galaxies : SERRA views
- 2019
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press. - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 487:2, s. 1689-1708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the formation and evolution of a sample of Lyman break galaxies in the epoch of reionization by using high-resolution (similar to 10 pc), cosmological zoom-in simulations part of the SERRA suite. In SERRA, we follow the interstellar medium thermochemical non-equilibrium evolution and perform on-the-fly radiative transfer of the interstellar radiation field (ISRF). The simulation outputs are post-processed to compute the emission of far infrared lines ([C II], [N II], and [O III]). At z = 8, the most massive galaxy, 'Freesia', has an age t(star) similar or equal to 409 Myr, stellar mass M-star similar or equal to 4.2 x 10(9)M(circle dot), and a star formation rate (SFR), SFR similar or equal to 11.5M(circle dot) yr(-1), due to a recent burst. Freesia has two stellar components (A and B) separated by similar or equal to 2.5 kpc; other 11 galaxies are found within 56.9 +/- 21.6 kpc. The mean ISRF in the Habing band is G = 7.9G(0) and is spatially uniform; in contrast, the ionization parameter is U = 2(-2)(+20) x 10(-3), and has a patchy distribution peaked at the location of star-forming sites. The resulting ionizing escape fraction from Freesia is f(esc) similar or equal to 2 per cent. While [C II] emission is extended (radius 1.54 kpc), [O III] is concentrated in Freesia-Lambda (0.85 kpc), where the ratio Sigma([O III])/Sigma([C II]) similar or equal to 10. As many high-z galaxies, Freesia lies below the local [C II]-SFR relation. We show that this is the general consequence of a starburst phase (pushing the galaxy above the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation) that disrupts/photodissociates the emitting molecular clouds around star-forming sites. Metallicity has a sub-dominant impact on the amplitude of [C II]-SFR deviations.
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| 2. |
- Ferrara, A., et al.
(författare)
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A physical model for [C II] line emission from galaxies
- 2019
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 489:1, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A tight relation between the [C II] 158 mu m line luminosity and star formation rate is measured in local galaxies. At high redshift (z > 5), though, a much larger scatter is observed, with a considerable (15-20 per cent) fraction of the outliers being [C II]-deficient. Moreover, the [C II] surface brightness (Sigma([C II])) of these sources is systematically lower than expected from the local relation. To clarify the origin of such [C II]-deficiency, we have developed an analytical model that fits local [C II] data and has been validated against radiative transfer simulations performed with CLOUDY. The model predicts an overall increase of Sigma([C II]) with Sigma(SFR). However, for Sigma(SFR) greater than or similar to 1M(circle dot) yr(-1) kpc(-2), Sigma([C II]) saturates. We conclude that underluminous [C II] systems can result from a combination of three factors: (a) large upward deviations from theKennicutt-Schmidt relation (kappa(s) >> 1), parametrized by the 'burstiness' parameter kappa(s); (b) low metallicity; (e.g. CR7). Observations of [C II] emission alone cannot break the degeneracy among the above three parameters; this requires additional information coming from other emission lines (e.g. [OIII]88 mu m, C III]1909 degrees, CO lines). Simple formulae are given to interpret available data for low- and high- z galaxies.
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| 3. |
- Kohandel, M., et al.
(författare)
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Kinematics of z ≥ 6 galaxies from [C II] line emission
- 2019
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press. - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 487:3, s. 3007-3020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the kinematical properties of galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization via the [C ii]158 μm line emission. The line profile provides information on the kinematics as well as structural properties such as the presence of a disc and satellites. To understand how these properties are encoded in the line profile, first we develop analytical models from which we identify disc inclination and gas turbulent motions as the key parameters affecting the line profile. To gain further insights, we use 'Althæa', a highly resolved (30\, \rm pc) simulated prototypical Lyman-break galaxy, in the redshift range z = 6-7, when the galaxy is in a very active assembling phase. Based on morphology, we select three main dynamical stages: (I) merger, (II) spiral disc, and (III) disturbed disc. We identify spectral signatures of merger events, spiral arms, and extra-planar flows in (I), (II), and (III), respectively. We derive a generalized dynamical mass versus [C ii]-line FWHM relation. If precise information on the galaxy inclination is (not) available, the returned mass estimate is accurate within a factor 2 (4). A Tully-Fisher relation is found for the observed high-z galaxies, i.e. L[C ii] (FWHM)1.80 ± 0.35 for which we provide a simple, physically based interpretation. Finally, we perform mock ALMA simulations to check the detectability of [C ii]. When seen face-on, Althæa is always detected at >5σ; in the edge-on case it remains undetected because the larger intrinsic FWHM pushes the line peak flux below detection limit. This suggests that some of the reported non-detections might be due to inclination effects.
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| 4. |
- Behrens, C., et al.
(författare)
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Dusty galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization : simulations
- 2018
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press. - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 477:1, s. 552-565
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recent discovery of dusty galaxies well into the Epoch of Reionization (redshift z > 6) poses challenging questions about the properties of the interstellar medium in these pristine systems. By combining state-of-the-art hydrodynamic and dust radiative transfer simulations, we address these questions focusing on the recently discovered dusty galaxy A2744_YD4 (z = 8.38, Laporte et al.). We show that we can reproduce the observed spectral energy distribution (SED) only using different physical values with respect to the inferred ones by Laporte et al., i.e. a star formation rate of SFR = 78 M(circle dot)yr(-1), a factor approximate to 4 higher than deduced from simple SED fitting. In this case, we find: (i) dust attenuation (corresponding to tau(v) = 1.4) is consistent with a Milky Way (MW) extinction curve; (ii) the dust-to-metal ratio is low, f(d) similar to 0.08, implying that early dust formation is rather inefficient;(iii) the luminosity-weighted dust temperature is high, T-d = 91 23 K, as a result of the intense (approximate to 100 x MW) interstellar radiation field; and (iv) due to the high T-d, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Band 7 detection can be explained by a limited dust mass, M-d = 1.6 x 10(6) M-circle dot. Finally, the high dust temperatures might solve the puzzling low infrared excess (IRX) recently deduced for high-z galaxies from the IRX-beta relation.
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| 5. |
- Behrens, C., et al.
(författare)
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Ly alpha emission from galaxies in the Epoch of eionization
- 2019
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 486:2, s. 2197-2209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The intrinsic strength of the Ly alpha line in young, star-forming systems makes it a special tool for studying high-redshift galaxies. However, interpreting observations remains challenging due to the complex radiative transfer involved. Here, we combine state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations of 'Althaea', a prototypical Lyman Break Galaxy (LBG; stellar mass M-star similar or equal to 10(10) M-circle dot) at z = 7.2, with detailed radiative transfer computations of dust/continuum, [C II] 158 mu m, and Ly alpha to clarify the relation between the galaxy properties and its Ly alpha emission. Althaea exhibits low (f(alpha) < 1 per cent) Ly alpha escape fractions and equivalent widths, EW less than or similar to 6 angstrom for the simulated lines of sight, with a large scatter. The correlation between escape fraction and inclination is weak, as a result of the rather chaotic structure of high-redshift galaxies. Low f(alpha) values persist even if we artificially remove neutral gas around star-forming regions to mimic the presence of H II regions. The high attenuation is primarily caused by dust clumps co-located with young stellar clusters. We can turn Althaea into a Lyman Alpha Emitter (LAE) only if we artificially remove dust from the clumps, yielding EWs up to 22 angstrom. Our study suggests that the LBG-LAE duty-cycle required by recent clustering measurements poses the challenging problem of a dynamically changing dust attenuation. Finally, we find an anticorrelation between the magnitude of Ly alpha-[C II] line velocity shift and Ly alpha luminosity.
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| 6. |
- Vallini, Livia, et al.
(författare)
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CO line emission from galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
- 2018
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press. - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 473:1, s. 271-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the CO line luminosity (L-CO), the shape of the CO spectral line energy distribution (SLED), and the value of the CO-to-H-2 conversion factor in galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). For this aim, we construct a model that simultaneously takes into account the radiative transfer and the clumpy structure of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) where the CO lines are excited. We then use it to post-process state-of-the-art zoomed, high resolution (30 pc), cosmological simulation of a main-sequence (M-* approximate to 10(10) M-circle dot, SFR approximate to 100M(circle dot) yr(-1)) galaxy, 'Althaea', at z approximate to 6. We find that the CO emission traces the inner molecular disc (r approximate to 0.5 kpc) of Althaea with the peak of the CO surface brightness co-located with that of the [C-II] 158 mu m emission. Its LCO(1-0) = 10(4.85) L-circle dot is comparable to that observed in local galaxies with similar stellar mass. The high (Sigma(gas) approximate to 220M(circle dot) pc(-2)) gas surface density in Althaea, its large Mach number (M approximate to 30) and the warm kinetic temperature (T-k approximate to 45 K) of GMCs yield a CO SLED peaked at the CO(7-6) transition, i.e. at relatively high-J and a CO-to-H-2 conversion factor alpha(CO) approximate to 1.5M(circle dot) (K km s(-1) pc(2))(-1) lower than that of the Milky Way. The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observing time required to detect (resolve) at 5 sigma the CO(7-6) line from galaxies similar to Althaea is approximate to 13 h (approximate to 38 h).
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| 7. |
- Wiesner, S, et al.
(författare)
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Business Model Development for a Dynamic Production Network Platform
- 2020
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Ingår i: IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems, APMS 2020. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 749-757
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fully dynamic cross-company production networks that adapt to individual customer orders are a core vision in Industry 4.0. For different reasons, like failure of machines of a supplier or a sudden increase of demand, additional production capacities might be required at short notice. However, there are barriers to finding and integrating suppliers with free capacities into existing ordering and logistics processes. A Dynamic Production Network Broker (DPNB), which is an online marketplace that actively connects suppliers and consumers of production resources to dynamic, cross-company production networks, might bridge this gap. New generic service-based business models are required for operation and usage of the DPNB platform. In this paper, such a business model is drafted.
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