| 1. |
- Johansson, R., et al.
(author)
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A strategy for assessing safe use of sensors in autonomous road vehicles
- 2017
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In: 36th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security, SAFECOMP 2017. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319662657 ; , s. 149-161
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When arguing safety for an autonomous road vehicle it is considered very hard to show that the sensing capability is sufficient for all possible scenarios that might occur. Already for today’s manually driven road vehicles equipped with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), it is far from trivial how to argue that the sensor systems are sufficiently capable of enabling a safe behavior. In this paper, we argue that the transition from ADAS to automated driving systems (ADS) enables new solution patterns for the safety argumentation dependent on the sensor systems. A key factor is that the ADS itself can compensate for a lower sensor capability, by for example lowering the speed or increasing the distances. The proposed design strategy allocates safety requirements on the sensors to determine their own capability. This capability is then to be balanced by the tactical decisions of the ADS equipped road vehicle.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, S. C., et al.
(author)
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Surface modification of PM gearlever
- 2010
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In: World Powder Metallurgy Congress and Exhibition, World PM 2010; Florence; Italy; 10 October 2010 through 14 October 2010. - : European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA). - 9781899072194 ; 3
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A novel manufacturing concept for a gearlever has been evaluated by manufacturing of test components of two materials. Iron-based powders were used, and pressing and sintering was followed by a few different variants of hardening and surface densification. The components have been evaluated by means of component function testing, component fatigue testing, microstructure characterization, hardness measurements and residual stress determination. The gearlever is found to perform well in the function testing and shows also good fatigue properties that well match the demands for the intended application. The porosity in the sintered material is inhomogeneous, and some compaction-induced defects were observed in the material, which thus seems not to give any significant negative impact on the sintered product performance. The results show a doubling in hardness after hardening. If the materials were shot-peened (or shot-blasted) after hardening the surface hardness increased down to a depth of approximately 0.2 mm compared to the hardened material. The case-hardening should be applied after shot-peening to obtain significant effect on surface hardness within the outermost 0.1 mm. In principle no surface densification was created if shoot-peening was performed after hardening.
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| 3. |
- Magnusson, Hans, et al.
(author)
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Reaching full density of 100CR6 PM steel by capsule free hot isostatic pressing of high-velocity compacted material
- 2016
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In: World PM 2016 Congress and Exhibition. - : European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA). - 9781899072484
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Spherical gas atomised 100Cr6 steel powder, processed with the MMS-Scanpac® process to 95% density (agglomeration, followed by conventional pressing, low temperature sintering and re-strike using high velocity adiabatic compaction) has been fully compacted using capsule-free hot isostatic pressing. The material is characterised at different steps of the process and the results are discussed in this paper. Sintering steel powder with high content of carbon requires carbon control at sintering. By continuously measuring the atmosphere at sintering the ingoing gases are adjusted so that carbon control is achieved. Computational work has been made in order to determine how the sintering atmosphere should be adjusted based on the oxygen release and moisture content in the furnace at sintering. KEYWORDS: Capsule free HIP, high velocity compaction, 100Cr6, carbon control.
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| 4. |
- Watson, C.A., et al.
(author)
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A review of farm-scale nutrient budgets for organic farms as a tool for management of soil fertility
- 2002
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In: Soil use and management. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 18:SUPPL., s. 264-273
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- On organic farms, where the importation of materials to build/maintain soil fertility is restricted, it is important that a balance between inputs and outputs of nutrients is achieved to ensure both short-term productivity and long-term sustainability. This paper considers different approaches to nutrient budgeting on organic farms and evaluates the sources of bias in the measurements and/or estimates of the nutrient inputs and outputs. The paper collates 88 nutrient budgets compiled at the farm scale in nine temperate countries. All the nitrogen (N) budgets showed an N surplus (average 83.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The efficiency of N use, defined as outputs/inputs, was highest (0.9) and lowest (0.2) in arable and beef systems respectively. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) budgets showed both surpluses and deficits (average 3.6 kg P ha-1 yr-1, 14.2 kg K ha-1 yr-1) with horticultural systems showing large surpluses resulting from purchased manure. The estimation of N fixation and quantities of nutrients in purchased manures may introduce significant errors in nutrient budgets. Overall, the data illustrate the diversity of management systems in place on organic farms, and suggest that used together with soil analysis, nutrient budgets are a useful tool for improving the long-term sustainability of organic systems.
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