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- Bergdahl, Ingvar A
(författare)
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Lead in blood. ICP-MS studies of lead in plasma, blood and erythrocyte proteins
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method for the determination of lead in blood plasma has been developed. The detection limit was below 0.1 microgram/liter, and the precision 5%. There was no significant difference between levels in plasma and serum. Studies of individuals with varying lead exposure showed that in the general population the plasma concentrations were less than 1% of the levels in blood, and up to a few percent in highly lead-exposed individuals. There was a non-linear relationship between blood- and plasma-lead concentrations. The non-linearity could be described by a model based on high-affinity erythrocyte lead-binding proteins with a limited binding capacity. The association was relatively close, with an inter-individual variation in plasma lead of 30% relative standard deviation at a given blood-lead concentration. Neither age, sex, current lead exposure, nor the polymorphism in the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) gene affected the distribution of lead between cells and plasma. Moreover, lead-binding erythrocyte proteins were studied by gel-chromatography with ICP-MS detection. The studies showed that the protein with the highest affinity for lead was ALAD. Together with a smaller protein, with an apparent molecular mass of 45 kDa, it bound more than half of the lead in the erythrocytes. There was also a small lead-binding component; the quantity of lead bound to it its not known. Lead in erythrocytes appeared not to be bound to hemoglobin.
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| 2. |
- Bergdahl, Ingvar A, et al.
(författare)
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Metallmätningar hos gravida kvinnor i Västerbotten : Rapport till Miljöövervakningsenheten, Naturvårdsverketkontrakt nr 215 0305
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna studie har vi 2003-04 undersökt koncentrationerna av kvicksilver, kadmiumoch bly i blod från 96 gravida kvinnor i Västerbotten. För kvicksilver har vi ävenundersökt koncentrationen i hår. Västerbotten har tidvis haft ett betydandekvicksilvernedfall. Dessutom är fritidsfiske, inte minst i insjöar och mindrevattendrag, en vanlig hobby. Det finns därför skäl att undersöka om gravida kvinnor iVästerbotten har högre kvicksilvernivåer än i andra delar av Sverige.Drygt 40% av kvinnorna brukade äta insjöfisk och drygt en fjärdedel hade ätitinsjöfisk senaste månaden. Detta är högre andelar än vad man sett på andra orter.Dock hade endast 3 kvinnor ätit sådana arter som Livsmedelsverket rekommenderargravida att undvika. Kvicksilverkoncentrationen i blod var 0,02-3,5 (median: 0,6)μg/L. Det mesta var i organisk form (0,0-3,2; median: 0,5 μg/L). För kadmium varkoncentrationen 0,04-2,5 (median: 0,14) μg/L och för bly 4-47 (median: 9) μg/L.Kvicksilverkoncentrationen i hår var 0,05-1,0 (median: 0,19) μg/g.De kvicksilverkoncentrationer vi fann var likvärdiga eller lägre än vad som tidigareuppmätts på andra orter i Sverige. Det är alltså inte så att gravida i Västerbotten harsärskilt höga kvicksilverkoncentrationer, trots det kvicksilvernedfall som förekommitoch den relativt höga konsumtionen av insjöfisk. Bly- och kadmiumkoncentrationernaär att betrakta som låga, vilket dock inte innebär att säkerhetsmarginalen till nivåerdär effekter konstaterats är särskilt stor.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Ljungberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Arterial hypertension and elevated diastolic blood pressure is associated with developing aortic stenosis requiring surgery in persons less than 60 years of age
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Due to age-related differences in aortic valve structure, it is likely that the pathophysiology of aortic stenosis and associated risk factors differ between age groups. Here we prospectively studied the influence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors on aortic stenosis development among patients without concomitant coronary artery disease, and stratified for age. Methods: This study included 131 patients from previous population-based surveys, who underwent surgery for aortic stenosis and had no visible coronary arteriosclerosis upon preoperative coronary angiogram. The younger group included 49 patients of <60 years old at surgery: median age, 54.4 years; median follow-up, 8.7 years. The older group included 82 patients of ≥60 years old at surgery: median age, 71.3 years; median follow-up, 11.0 years. For each case, we selected four referents matched for age, gender, and geographic area. To identify predictors for surgery, we used multivariable conditional logistic regression with a model including arterial hypertension, cholesterol levels, diabetes, BMI, and smoking. Results: Future surgery for aortic stenosis was associated with arterial hypertension and elevated levels of diastolic blood pressure in the younger group (odds ratio, 3.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.45–7.93, and odds ratio 1,60; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–2.37, respectively), and with only impaired fasting glucose tolerance in the older group (odds ratio, 3.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.19–8.76). Conclusion: Arterial hypertension and elevated diastolic blood pressure are associated with a risk for aortic stenosis development in subjects below 60 years of age. Strict blood pressure control in this group are strongly advocated to avoid other cardiovascular diseases correlated to hypertension. If hypertension and elevated diastolic blood pressure are risk for developing aortic stenosis need further investigations. Notably, elevated fasting glucose levels were related to aortic stenosis in older adults without concomitant coronary artery disease.
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| 6. |
- Nilsson Sommar, Johan, 1983-
(författare)
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Prospective and longitudinal human studies of lead and cadmium exposure and the kidney
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cadmium and lead accumulate in humans and can have toxic effects. Exposure to cadmium is well known to cause kidney damage. Cadmium binds to metallothioneins, proteins that play a role in cadmium transport. Lead exposure’s main effect is on the central nervous system, but associations with kidney disease have also been found, although it is unknown if the latter is a causal association. The main source of both metals within the non-smoking population is from the diet.This thesis aims to 1) compare the biomarkers lead and cadmium concentration in whole-blood, plasma and urine with regard to their ability to discriminate between individuals with different mean concentrations, and to describe the effect of urinary dilution, 2) estimate the association between end-stage renal disease and blood concentrations of cadmium, lead and mercury, using prospectively collected samples for exposure evaluation, 3) use longitudinal data on kidney function makers to evaluate kidney recovery after a substantial decrease in cadmium exposure, and 4) assess the influence of metallothionein polymorphisms (MT1A rs11076161, MT2A rs10636 and MT2A rs28366003) on cadmium-associated kidney toxicity and recovery due to a reduction in Cd exposure.Repeated sampling of whole-blood, plasma and urine was conducted on 48 occupationally lead-exposed men and 20 individuals under normal environmental lead exposure, for estimation of the day-to-day and between individual-variation. Prospective samples were obtained for 118 cases that later in life developed end-stage renal disease, and 378 matched controls. Erythrocyte cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations were determined and the risk of developing end-stage renal disease associated with metal concentrations was estimated. For evaluation of kidney recovery after a reduction in cadmium exposure and to test for gene-environment interactions, follow-up data on N-acetyl-β‑d-glucosaminidase, β2‑microglobulin, albumin, and gene polymorphisms were obtained for 412 individuals within the Chinese population and the relation to blood and urinary cadmium was assessed.The concentration of lead in blood was found to be the biomarker with the largest fraction of the total variance attributable to between-individual variation, and was therefore the biomarker with the best ability to discriminate between individuals with different mean concentrations, both for individuals under occupational and normal environmental exposure (91 and 95%, respectively). Adjusting for urinary dilution had a great effect on the fraction of the total variance attributable to between-individual variation among individuals with normal lead exposure but only a minor effect among those who were occupationally exposed. Variance analysis showed that blood concentrations were also the best discriminating biomarker for cadmium.Erythrocyte lead was, in a univariate model, associated with an increased risk of developing end-stage renal disease [odds ratio (OR) = 1.54 for an interquartile range increase, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.18-2.00], while erythrocyte mercury was negatively associated (OR = 0.75 for an interquartile range increase, with a 95% CI = 0.56-0.99). For erythrocyte cadmium, the OR was 1.15 with a 95% CI of 0.99-1.34. Associations with lead and cadmium were only seen among men. In the study on kidney recovery, the proportion of individuals with albumin level above the 95th percentile decreased between baseline and follow up, but no decrease was found for the tubular markers N-acetyl-β‑d-glucosaminidase and β2-microglobulin. Metallothionein polymorphisms modified cadmium-associated effects on N-acetyl-β‑d-glucosaminidase and β2-microglobulin levels but did not modify cadmium-associated change in any of the kidney function markers between baseline and follow up after a substantial decrease in exposure.Blood concentrations of lead and cadmium are the biomarkers with the best ability to discriminate between individuals with different mean concentrations. Adjustment for urinary dilution has great influence on the fraction of the total variance attributed to between individual variation among urine samples with low lead concentrations, but only a small influence on samples with high lead concentrations. This suggests a difference in excretion. The association between end-stage renal disease and low-level lead exposure, as assessed through prospective erythrocyte samples, gives reason for concern, although further studies are needed to determine causality. A cadmium-associated increase in albumin is reversible after a substantial reduction in exposure, but this is not the case for the observed tubular effects. The tubular kidney effects of cadmium might be modified by the MT1A rs11076161 polymorphism.
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| 9. |
- Skerfving, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Lead
- 2007. - 3
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Ingår i: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 3rd Edition. - San Diego : Elsevier. - 9780123694133 ; , s. 599-643
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inorganic lead is certainly the most extensively studied of all toxic agents. Occupational exposure occurs in a wide variety of settings. There is also widespread exposure in the general environment. However, after the ban of lead addition to petrol, the exposure has decreased dramatically in several parts of the world. Exposure and risk are usually assessed by biological monitoring, mainly by blood-lead concentration (B-Pb). However, B-Pb has limitations, because there is saturation at high exposure. Lead accumulates in teeth and in the skeleton, where it may be determined by in vivo methods, which reflect long-term uptake. Toxic effects may occur in the central and peripheral nervous systems, blood (including inhibition of heme synthesis, which also affects other cells), kidney, and cardiovascular, endocrine and immune systems, gastrointestinal tract, and male reproduction (sperm quality). Lead causes increase of blood pressure; slight effects may occur in adults with a mean B-Pb of 0.4 mu mol/L. Furthermore, lead passes the placenta and may cause effects on the nervous system of the fetus. Lead in the skeleton is mobilized during pregnancy and lactation and is transferred to both the fetus and the lactating infant. Slight (but adverse) effects on the mental development of infants and children have repeatedly been reported at a mean B-Pb of 0.5 mu mol/L, or even less, in the pregnant woman or the child. Lead is carcinogenic in animal experiments, but there is only limited evidence for carcinogenicity in humans. The most important organolead compounds are tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead, which have been used in enormous quantities in leaded petrol. They are easily absorbed through inhalation and through the skin and may cause acute encephalopathia.
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| 10. |
- Sundkvist, Anneli, et al.
(författare)
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Time trends of cadmium, lead and mercury in the population of Northern Sweden 1990-2009 and blood levels of rhodium and platinum in 2009
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background:Knowledge of time trends in burdens of the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are important to evaluate effects of preventive actions. This has previously been monitored in northern Sweden in samples from 1990-1999. Alpha-1- microglobuline (A1M) in urine is a potential biomarker of tubular dysfunction, presumed to be effected by body burdens of cadmium. It is unknown if elements from catalytic converters, platinum (Pt), rhodium (Rh) and palladium (Pd), cause human exposure.Objective:To continue the time trend series of body burdens of Cd, Pb and Hg and to quantify levels of Pt, Rh and Pd and alpha-1-microglobuline in samples from northern Sweden.Design:Biobanked blood samples from health screenings in the WHO MONICA-project in northern Sweden were analyzed for Cd, Pb and Hg, in two age-groups; 25-35 years and 50-60 years. In 2004, blood samples from 287 women were analysed and in 2009, blood samples from 150 men and 177 women were analyzed. Also, cadmium and A1M were analysed in urine for the 2004 and 2009 participants. Pt, Rh and Pd were analysed in blood for 26 women in ages 55-59 years from the 2009 screening.Results:There was a decline in blood levels of Pb in both men and women. Blood levels of Cd did not change over time. However, in women, levels of U-Cd were lower in 2009 as compared to 2004, also in never-smokers in the younger age-group. Due to use of erythrocytes in the previous report on data from 1990-99, body burdens of Hg could not be compared to previous data. A decrease from 2004 to 2009 was detected in B-Hg in women in the older age-group. Levels of Pd could not be quantified due to high uncertainty in the analysis. Blood levels of Pt and Rh were at levels of about one thousandth of the heavy metals. Levels of protein A1M in urine could not be compared over time, due to changes in analytical method. Levels of the protein were higher in the older age-group and men had higher levels than women in samples from 2009.Conclusion:The previously detected decline in body burdens of Pb continued from 1999 to 2009, while there is still no evident change in body burdens of Cd. We cannot evaluate the time trend of Hg body burdens after 1999 with these data. Levels of Pt and Rh are detectable. Surprisingly, men in the older age-group had higher levels than women of protein A1M. For Cd, there are indications of risk of adverse health effects at the reported levels. Efforts to reduce pollution and human exposure to all three heavy metals are important, but this is especially important for cadmium.
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