| 1. |
- Bergdahl, Ingvar A., et al.
(författare)
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Non-renal effects and the risk assessment of environmental cadmium exposure.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental health perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 1552-9924 .- 0091-6765. ; 122:5, s. 431-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to cadmium (Cd) has long been recognized as a health hazard, both in industry and in general populations with high exposure. Under the currently prevailing health risk assessment, the relationship between urinary Cd (U-Cd) concentrations and tubular proteinuria is used. However, doubts have recently been raised regarding the justification of basing the risk assessment on this relationship at very low exposure.
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| 2. |
- Liang, Yihuai, et al.
(författare)
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Renal function after reduction in cadmium exposure : an eight-year follow-up of residents in cadmium-polluted areas
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - : National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 120:2, s. 223-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and objective: Long-term exposure to cadmium (Cd) causes renal dysfunction, but its change with exposure is unknown. We aimed at assessing the evolution of Cd-induced renal effects after a reduction in dietary exposure to Cd in rice.Methods: 412 residents in previously Cd-polluted and non-polluted areas were examined twice: in 1998 and 2006. Changes in blood Cd, urinary Cd, and kidney function (N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase = NAG, β2-microglobulin, and albumin in urine) were measured. Results: In the most polluted area, mean blood Cd was 8.9 μg/L in 1998 and 3.3 μg/L in 2006, and urinary Cd was 11.6 and 9.0 μg/g creatinine in 1998 and 2006, respectively. Urinary albumin in 1998 increased with urinary Cd but no such exposure-response appeared for 2006 albumin versus urinary Cd 1998, indicating recovery. Other biomarkers of kidney function were also elevated in 1998. Partial recovery was observed for NAG, among women, and suggested for β2-microglobulin, among young individuals. The probability of having a β2-microglobulin above the 95th percentile in 2006 was high in those with an elevated β2-microglobulin in 1998 (odds ratio: 24.8, 95% CI: 11.2-55.3), whereas corresponding estimates for albumin and NAG were 3.0 (1.2-7.5) and 2.6 (1.6-4.4), respectively.Conclusions: Results suggest that a Cd-mediated increase in urinary albumin excretion is reversible upon substantial reduction of exposure. For the markers of tubular effects, a tendency towards improvement, but not complete recovery, was observed. Data from repeated observations suggests that β2-microglobulin may be more informative than NAG as an indicator for the individual's future tubular function.
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| 3. |
- Wu, Xunwei, et al.
(författare)
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Renal effects evolution in a Chinese population after reduction of cadmium exposure in rice.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environmental research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-0953 .- 0013-9351. ; 108:2, s. 233-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cadmium is a well-known nephrotoxic agent with extremely long biological half-time of 10-30 years in human. To investigate the evolution of cadmium-induced renal effects in the population, a number of 148 residents who lived in cadmium-polluted area were followed-up for 3 years after the reduction of cadmium exposure in rice. Urinary cadmium (UCd), beta(2)-microglobulin (B2M) and albumin (ALB) were analyzed in 1995 and 1998, respectively. The results demonstrated that the changes of renal effects of residents depended on the levels of UCd before inflow of cadmium to human body declined. In cases where UCd were less than 10 microg/g creatinine in 1995, evidence was found indicating significant decreases in proteinuria (i.e., B2M and ALB) 3 years later, whereas, in cases where the excretion of UCd exceeded 10 microg/g creatinine in 1995, progression was observed. The study of dose-response relationships between UCd and B2M or ALB also showed that the cadmium-induced renal dysfunction might be reversible if UCd concentration was low-level before exposure decreasing, otherwise it might be irreversible or aggravated.
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