| 1. |
- Skerfving, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Lead
- 2015. - 4
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Ingår i: Handbook on the toxicology of metals. - : Academic Press. - 9780123982933 ; , s. 911-967
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inorganic lead is the most extensively studied toxic agent. In addition to occupational exposure, there is widespread exposure in the general environment, although this has decreased dramatically after the ban of lead addition to gasoline. Toxic effects may occur in both the central and peripheral nervous systems; the blood (including inhibition of heme synthesis, which also affects all other cells); the kidney; the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems; the gastrointestinal tract; and female and male reproduction. Lead passes into the placenta. Slight (but adverse) effects on the mental development of infants and children have repeatedly been reported at a mean blood lead concentration (B-Pb) of ≤ 0.25 μmol/L, without obvious threshold. Lead causes an increase in blood pressure at a mean B-Pb of ≤ 0.5 μmol/L. Lead is carcinogenic in animal experiments, but there is only limited evidence for carcinogenicity in humans. The organolead compounds tetraethyl- and tetramethyllead, earlier used in enormous quantities in leaded gasoline, are easily absorbed through inhalation and through the skin, and may cause acute encephalopathia.
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| 2. |
- Skerfving, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
-
Lead
- 2007. - 3
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Ingår i: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 3rd Edition. - San Diego : Elsevier. - 9780123694133 ; , s. 599-643
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inorganic lead is certainly the most extensively studied of all toxic agents. Occupational exposure occurs in a wide variety of settings. There is also widespread exposure in the general environment. However, after the ban of lead addition to petrol, the exposure has decreased dramatically in several parts of the world. Exposure and risk are usually assessed by biological monitoring, mainly by blood-lead concentration (B-Pb). However, B-Pb has limitations, because there is saturation at high exposure. Lead accumulates in teeth and in the skeleton, where it may be determined by in vivo methods, which reflect long-term uptake. Toxic effects may occur in the central and peripheral nervous systems, blood (including inhibition of heme synthesis, which also affects other cells), kidney, and cardiovascular, endocrine and immune systems, gastrointestinal tract, and male reproduction (sperm quality). Lead causes increase of blood pressure; slight effects may occur in adults with a mean B-Pb of 0.4 mu mol/L. Furthermore, lead passes the placenta and may cause effects on the nervous system of the fetus. Lead in the skeleton is mobilized during pregnancy and lactation and is transferred to both the fetus and the lactating infant. Slight (but adverse) effects on the mental development of infants and children have repeatedly been reported at a mean B-Pb of 0.5 mu mol/L, or even less, in the pregnant woman or the child. Lead is carcinogenic in animal experiments, but there is only limited evidence for carcinogenicity in humans. The most important organolead compounds are tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead, which have been used in enormous quantities in leaded petrol. They are easily absorbed through inhalation and through the skin and may cause acute encephalopathia.
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| 3. |
- Werneke, Ursula, et al.
(författare)
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Diet, environment and mental health
- 2018
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Ingår i: Oxford Textbook of Public Mental Health. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198792994 ; , s. 441-457
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter reviews dietary and environmental factors that may affect mental health. It takes a public health angle but examines the individual patient perspective where relevant. In the first part, the chapter looks at the impact of various nutritional constituents on mental health, including omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Then, it reviews the evidence for diets and ‘superfoods’, which people might try to improve their mental health. Here, the focus is on neurodevelopmental disorders, depression, and psychosis. Potential interactions between foodstuffs and psychotropic medicines are also explored. The final part concerns environmental toxins that populations may be exposed to that may affect mental health, including lead, methylmercury, and various organic compounds.
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