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| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 3. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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| 4. |
- Forsmo, S.P.E., et al.
(författare)
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Mechanisms in oxidation and sintering of magnetite iron ore green pellets
- 2008
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Ingår i: Powder Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0032-5910 .- 1873-328X. ; 183:2, s. 247-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal volume changes and oxidation mechanisms in magnetite iron ore green pellets balled with 0.5% bentonite binder, as a function of raw material fineness and pellet porosity, are shown. When a pellet starts to oxidize, a shell of hematite is formed around the pellet while the core still is magnetite. Dilatation curves were measured under non-oxidizing and oxidizing atmospheres to separately describe thermal volume changes in these two phases. Dilatation measurements showed contraction during oxidation between 330 and 900 °C by 0.5%. The extent of contraction was not influenced by the raw material fineness or the original porosity in pellets. Sintering started earlier in the magnetite phase (950 °C) compared to the hematite phase (1100 °C). The sintering rate increased with increasing fineness in the magnetite concentrate. A finer grind in the raw material would, therefore, promote the formation of duplex structures with a more heavily sintered core pulling away from the less sintered outer shell. At constant porosity in green pellets, the oxidation time became longer as the magnetite concentrate became finer, because of the enhanced sintering. In practical balling, however, the increase in fineness would necessitate the use of more water in balling, which results in an increase in green pellet porosity. These two opposite effects levelled out and the oxidation time became constant when green pellets were balled at constant plasticity. Combining the results from the oxidation and dilatation studies revealed new information on the rate limiting factors in oxidation of iron ore pellets. At 1100 °C, the diffusion rate of oxygen was limited by sintering in the magnetite core, taking place before oxidation rather than by the diffusion rate of oxygen through the oxidized hematite shell, as has been claimed in earlier literature. The oxidation rate was at maximum at around 1100 °C. At 1200 °C, the rate of oxidation substantially decreased because both the hematite shell and the magnetite core show heavy sintering at this temperature. Dilatometer measurements showed large thermal volume changes in the presence of olivine, at temperatures above 1200 °C. This is explained by the dissociation of hematite back to magnetite. Dissociation leads to an increase in the volume of the oxidized shell, while sintering of the magnetite core is further enhanced by the olivine additive.
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| 5. |
- Forsmo, S.P.E., et al.
(författare)
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Studies on the influence of a flotation collector reagent on iron ore green pellet properties
- 2008
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Ingår i: Powder Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0032-5910 .- 1873-328X. ; 182:3, s. 444-452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The properties of iron ore green pellets with varying additions of a surface-active flotation collector reagent (Atrac) were studied by small-scale balling. The compression strength and plasticity were measured with a semi-automatic measuring device and the pressure curves were saved and subjected to further mathematical treatment. The green pellet breakage was also filmed with a high-speed camera. Adding Atrac to the pellet feed seriously damaged the quality of green pellets, even in small dosages. This is because an increasing amount of air bubbles became so strongly attached on the particle surfaces that they could not be removed during compaction by balling. The adsorption of air in green pellets was seen as an increase in porosity and a decrease in the filling degree (proportion of pores filled with water). Both the wet and dry compression strength decreased. The air bubbles behaved in wet green pellets like large, plastic particles and the plasticity increased beyond an acceptable level. Breakage started inside the green pellets, along the air bubbles, and generated multi-breakage patterns in wet as well as dry green pellets. Green pellet breakage to crumbs instead of a few distinct segments, promotes the generation of dust and fines and leads to lower bed permeability in the pelletizing machine. The results show that the decrease in iron ore green pellet wet strength in the presence of surface-active agents is not fully described by the so called Rumpf equation, where surface tension and contact angle are used as variables to describe the capillary forces. The green pellet breakage in the presence of air bubbles took place by crack propagation along pore structures rather than through the loss of the capillary forces.
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| 6. |
- Lundin, S.E., et al.
(författare)
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Solvärme och säsongslagring med borrhål i berg och llågtemperatur för bostadsområdet Anneberg, Danderyd : Förprojektering
- 1998
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the planning of a new housing area for 100 dwellings, a pre-design has been made for a solar heating plant. The aim of designing a layout, is to compare the solar system with more conventional heating systems. Developers and contractors are invited for turn-key tenders of the different systems. The single family houses, apartments and service premises in two storey, will have a total floor area of 9000 m{sup 2}. The heating demand is estimated to 1100 MWh/year (120 kWh/m{sup 2}) and the power to 450 kW. A new concept system is designed with low temperatures in all essential parts, but heat pumps are not needed. (1) Flat plate solar collectors, mean temperature 60 deg C; (2) Seasonal bore hole heat store in rock, temperature level 30-45 deg C; (3) Heat distribution network, working temperature 20-80 deg C; (4) Floor heating coils, temperature 25-32 deg C; (5) Peak electrical heaters in houses; (6) Solar DHW and auxiliary individual electrical final heaters. The system has only one general heat fluid with a mixture of water and glycol flowing through solar collectors, store, culverts and the floor heating coils. In all operation modes the heat carrier has the same flow direction and even act as a`buffer volume`. The bedrock consist of outcrops of granite and the GWL is at a depth of 4 m below the ground. In a 120 m investigation bore hole, a so called`Response test` is made in situ of the rock and the duct system. The obtained thermal results are: Conductivity{lambda}= 4.1 W/m,K, Capacity C 0.6 kWh/K, m{sup 3}, Resistance total of PEM-tubes and rock mass R= 0.02 K/(W/m). The investment cost have been calculated to 5.4 mil SEK ({approx} 0.7 mil USD) excl. culvert, floor heating system, DHW tanks/heaters. The annual capital and running costs are 0.73 mil SEK (0.1 mil USD), calculated with an interest rate of 6% over 25 years (0.078). The total system heating cost will be 0.68 SEK/kWh (0.1 USD/kWh). With received EU- and -governmental subsides up to 2.0 mil SEK the heating costs drop to 0.54 SEK/kWh (0.07 USD/kWh). Solar energy is by that means cost-effective to conventional alternatives as district heating, bio-fuel block centrals, ground heat pumps or 100% electrical heating. The solar heating project seems in all respects possible to carry through - but the final decision is taken of the market response
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| 7. |
- Amara, S., et al.
(författare)
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Biomass Dry Storage for Capture and Storage of CO2 and Energy
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Vocational Education and Training (ICOVET 2018). - Paris, France : Atlantis Press. ; , s. 188-192
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHG) are considered the main cause of many environmental issues that lead to climate change and global warming. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a promising sustainable method used for decreasing CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, for the CCS technology to be effectively put into use, some aspects should be taken into account, namely cost, capacity and durability of storage. In this paper, different CCS methods are described and the work proposes an alternative way of storing CO2 (and energy) using large-scale dry storage of biomass. The main advantage of suggested carbon storage system is that has no operation cost, and no need for maintenance and monitoring. By comparing the present project with other advanced and hi-tech projects, it is concluded that the proposed biomass storage is a cost-effective CCS technique. In the future, when the CO2 emissions are not seen as a global problem, this dry storage method enables recovery of stored wood for various purposes.
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| 8. |
- Amara, S., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental study of a concentration heating system with optical fiber supply
- 2009
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Ingår i: Abstract book and proceedings : Effstock 2009. - Stockholm : Energi- och Miljötekniska Föreningen / EMTF Förlag.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The buildings thermal function is important to provide comfort to its tenants. This means to provide cooling during hot seasons and/or heating in cold season. Current study concerns modelling of a new design of thermal photo sensors that results in a more efficient heating for Tlemcen site, Algeria.
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| 9. |
- Amara, S., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental study of a domestic hot water storage tank thermal behaviour
- 2009
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Ingår i: Abstract book and proceedings : Effstock 2009. - Stockholm : Energi- och Miljötekniska Föreningen / EMTF Förlag.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much work has been carried out on hot water storage during the last 20-30 years, particularly on solar heat applications. Theoretical and experimental studies on the internal heat transfer have been made at laboratory scale and at larger scales. Current study, which was conducted in order to understand the stratification phenomena, involved an experimental study on the thermal behaviour in a hot water tank during charging and discharging for domestic hot water storage. Results showed no effect of stratification due to the injection fluid from the bottom of the tank and the effect of mixed convection induced by the temperature difference which created a mixture inside the tank, where the temperature was uniform across the height, and the apparition of stratification due to the fact of discharge from the bottom of the tank.
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| 10. |
- Amara, S., et al.
(författare)
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Planned Investigation of UTES Potential in Algeria
- 2019
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Ingår i: The 2nd International Conference on Green Civil and Environmental Engineering 4–6 September 2019, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. - : Institute of Physics (IOP).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The unbalance between supply and demand of heat can be managed by thermal energy storage (TES). For large-scale systems the underground is used as storage medium or storage volume. Aquifer storage (ATES) is most suitable for very large applications, Borehole storage (BTES) the most general system in all scales and the rock cavern storage (CTES) is best suited for extremely high loading/extraction loads. The construction of any of these systems requires knowledge about site-specific properties of the ground i.e. geology and groundwater conditions. Current paper gives a brief review of the potential and advantage of Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) technology utilization in buildings for the hard climate.
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