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- Boström, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of Kaolin and Calcite Additives on Ash Transformations in Small-Scale Combustion of Oat
- 2009
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 23, s. 5184-5190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing interest has been observed for the use of cereal grains in small- and medium-scale heating. Previous studies have been performed to determine the fuel quality of various cereal grains for combustion purposes. The present investigation was undertaken in order to elucidate the potential abatement of low-temperature corrosion and deposits formation by using fuel additives (calcite and kaolin) during combustion of oat. Special emphasis was put on understanding the role of slag and bottom ash composition on the volatilization of species responsible for fouling and emission of fine particles and acid gases. The ash fractions were analyzed with scanning electron micro scopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), for elemental composition, and with X-ray diffraction (XRD) for identification of crystalline phases. The previously reported K and Si capturing effects of kaolin additive were observed also in the present study using P-rich biomass fuels. That is, the prerequisites for the formation of low melting K-rich silicates were reduced. The result of using kaolin additive on the bottom ash was that no slag was formed. The effect of the kaolin additive on the formation of submicrometer flue gas particles was an increased share of condensed K-phosphates at the expense of K-sulfate and KCl. The latter phase was almost completely absent in the particulate matter. Consequently, the levels of HCl and SO2 in the flue gases increased somewhat. The addition of both calcite assortments increased the amount of farmed slag, although to a considerably higher extent for the precipitated calcite. P was captured to a higher degree in the bottom ash, compared to the combustion of pure oat. The effect of the calcite additives on the fine particle emissions in the flue gases was that the share of K-phosphate decreased considerably, while the content of K-sulfate and KCl increased. Consequently, also the flue-gas levels of acidic HCl and SO2 decreased. This implies that the low-temperature corrosion observed in small-scale combustion of oat possibly can be abated by employing calcite additives. Alternatively, if problems with slagging and deposition of corrosive matter at heat convection surfaces are to be avoided, kaolin additive can be utilized, on the condition that the higher concentrations of acidic gases can be tolerated.
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| 3. |
- Hagman, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Alloy Selection for a Cofired Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Vortex Finder Application at 880 °c in a Complex Mixed Mode Corrosion Environment
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 31:11, s. 12857-12866
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used on a corroded industrial-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler vortex finder (VF) 253MA alloy plate material to identify the dominating corrosion products and to enable a qualified selection of candidate alloys for the long-term, full-scale exposure study. Alloys 253MA, 310S, 800H/HT, Alloy DS, and Alloy 600 were chosen, and the alloy plates were exposed to the CFB boiler combustion atmosphere having an average temperature of approximately 880 °C, consisting of a moist globally oxidizing gas, burning hydrocarbons, CO2, CO, SO2, HCl, NH3, N2, alkali species, and erosive particles. The exposure times used in this study were 1750, 8000, 12000, and 16000 operating hours. After exposure, the alloy samples were cut, and cross-sections were dry-polished and analyzed with an SEM-backscatter electron detector (BSD) setup to quantify material loss and penetration depth of the corrosion attack. This work suggests two novel concepts: heavily affected depth (HAD) enabling quantitative evaluation of heavily degraded alloys and remaining serviceable metal thickness (RSMT) enabling the use of long-term corrosion data from one alloy to make rough service life estimations of other alloys exposed for significantly shorter periods. The findings of this work show that there is no simple correlation between the heavily affected depth of the alloy and the nickel, chromium, or iron content. Instead, there seem to be two successful alloy composition principles that work well for this application. Furthermore, the work shows that major improvements can be made in terms of both technical life-span and the cost-effectiveness of the VF application if the most appropriate alloy is selected. In this study, a replacement of the frequently used Alloy 253MA with Alloy 310S doubled the lifespan of full-scale VFs, reducing the average VF maintenance cost to half.
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