| 1. |
- Backman, Rainer, et al.
(författare)
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Metalliskt aluminium i förbränningen : Metallic aluminum in combustion
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet har visat att det är mycket svårt att få tunn aluminiumfolie, som normalt finns i bl.a. hushållsavfall, att oxidera oberoende av tid, temperatur och förbränningsatmosfärens sammansättning. Vidare har svävhastighetsmätningar visat att tunn plastbelagd aluminiumfolie lätt kan ryckas med rökgaserna vid normala rökgashastigheter (1-5 m/s).
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Boström, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Ash transformation chemistry during combustion of biomass
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - Washington DC : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 26:1, s. 85-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is relatively extensive knowledge available concerning ash transformation reactions during combustion of woody biomass. In recent decades, the use of these energy carriers has increased, from a low-technology residential small-scale level to an industrial scale. Along this evolution, ash chemical-related phenomena for woody biomass have been observed and studied. Therefore, presently the understanding for these are, if not complete, fairly good. However, because the demand for CO2-neutral energy resources has increased recently and will continue to increase in the foreseeable future, other biomasses, such as, for instance, agricultural crops, have become highly interesting. The ash-forming matter in agricultural biomass is rather different in comparison to woody biomass, with a higher content of phosphorus as a distinctive feature. The knowledge about the ash transformation behavior in these systems is far from complete. Here, an attempt to give a schematic but general description of the ash transformation reactions of biomass fuels is presented in terms of a conceptual model, with the intention to provide guidance in the understanding of ash matter behavior in the use of any biomass fuel, primarily from the knowledge of the concentrations of ash-forming elements. The model was organized in primary and secondary reactions. Restrictions on the theoretical model in terms of reactivity limitations and physical conditions of the conversion process were discussed and exemplified, and some principal differences between biomass ashes dominated by Si and P, separately, were outlined and discussed.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Boström, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Ash transformation chemistry during energy conversion of biomass
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Impact of Fuel Quality on Power production and the Environment. - : Impacts of Fuel Quality.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is relatively extensive knowledge available concerning ash transformation reactions during energy conversion of woody biomass. Traditionally, these assortments have constituted the main resources for heating in Sweden. In recent decades the utilization of these energy carriers has increased, from a low technology residential small scale level to industrial scale (e.g. CHP plants). Along this evolution ash-chemical related phenomena for woody biomass has been observed and studied. So, presently the understanding for these are, if not complete, fairly good. Briefly, from a chemical point of view the ash from woody biomass could be characterized as a silicate dominated systems with varying content of basic oxides and with relatively high degree of volatilization of alkali sulfates and chlorides. Thus, the main ash transformation mechanisms in these systems have been outlined. Here, an attempt to give a general description of the ash transformation reactions of biomass fuels is presented, with the intention to provide guidance in the understanding of ash matter behavior in the utilization of any biomass fuel, primarily from knowledge of the concentrations of ash forming elements but also by considering the physical condition in the specific combustion appliance and the physical characteristic of the biomass fuel. Furthermore, since the demand for CO2-neutral energy resources has increased the last years and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future, other biomasses as for instance agricultural crops has become highly interesting. Globally, the availability of these shows large variation. In Sweden, for instance, which is a relatively spare populated country with large forests, these bio-masses will play a secondary role, although not insignificant. In other parts of the world, more densely populated and with a large agricultural sector, such bio-masses may constitute the main energy bio-mass resource in the future. However, the content of ash forming matter in agricultural bio-mass is rather different in comparison to woody biomass. Firstly, the content is much higher; from being about 0.3 - 0.5% (wt) in stem wood, it can amount to between 2 and 10 %(wt) in agricultural biomass. In addition, the composition of the ash forming matter is different. Shortly, the main difference is due to a much higher content of phosphorus (occasionally also silicon) which has major consequences on the ash-transformation reactions. In many crops, the concentration of phosphorus and silicon is equivalent, which (depending on the concentration levels of basic oxides) may result in a phosphate dominated ash. The properties of this ash are in several aspects different from the silicate dominated woody biomass ash and will consequently behave differently in various types of energy conversion systems. The knowledge about phosphate dominated ash systems has so far been scarce. We have been working with these systems, both with basic and applied research, for about a decade know. Some general experiences and conclusions as well as some specific examples of our research will be presented
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| 7. |
- Boström, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Ash transformation chemisty during energy conversion of agricultural biomass
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is relatively extensive knowledge available concerning ash transformation reactions during energy conversion of woody biomass. Traditionally, these assortments have constituted the main resources for heating in Sweden. In recent decades the utilization of these energy carriers has increased, from a low technology residential small scale level to industrial scale (i.e. CHP plants). Along this evolution ash‐chemical related phenomena for woody biomass has been observed and studied. So, presently the understanding for these are, if not complete, fairly good. Briefly, from a chemical point of view the ash from woody biomass could be characterized as a silicate dominated systems with varying content of basic oxides and with relatively high degree of volatilization of alkali sulfates and chlorides. Thus, the main ash transformation mechanisms in these systems have been outlined. However, since the demand for CO2‐neutral energy resources has increased the last years and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future, other biomasses as for instance agricultural crops has become highly interesting. Globally, the availability of these shows large variation. In Sweden, for instance, which is a relatively spare populated country with large forests, these bio‐masses will play a secondary role, although not insignificant. In other parts of the world, more densely populated and with a large agricultural sector, such bio‐masses may constitute the main energy bio‐mass resource in the future. However, the content of ash forming matter in agricultural bio‐mass is rather different in comparison to woody biomass. Firstly, the content is much higher; from being about 0.3 – 0.5% (wt) in stem wood, it can amount to between 4 and 10 %(wt) in agricultural biomass. Furthermore, the composition of the ash forming matter is different . Shortly, the main difference is due to a much higher content of phosphorus which has major consequences on the ash‐transformation reactions. In many crops, the concentration of phosphorus and silicon is equivalent, which (depending on the concentration levels of basic oxides) may result in a phosphate dominated ash. The properties of this ash are in several aspects different from the silicate dominated woody biomass ash and will consequently behave differently in various types of energy conversion systems. The knowledge about phosphate dominated ash systems has so far been scarce. We have been working with these systems, both with basic and applied research, for about a decade know. Some general experiences and conclusions as well as some specific examples of our research will be presented.
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| 8. |
- Carlborg, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction between ash forming elements in woody biomass and two high alumina refractories part 1 : effects on morphology and elemental distribution
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To gain more knowledge about possibly destructive effects of ash-forming elements in woody biomass on refractory materials in entrained flow gasification, an exposure study was performed on two high alumina refractories. The materials, a pre-fired castable consisting of about 63 weight-% Al2O3, and a phosphate bonded brick with 83 weight-% Al2O3 was exposed to synthetic ash mixtures at 1050°C and 1 atm CO2 for 7 days. This paper presents distribution of ash-forming elements and morphology of the samples microstructure, while identification and distribution of crystalline compounds is presented in a separate paper. In the samples, potassium (K) had infiltrated the materials and reacted with different components, while calcium (Ca) did not seem to have any direct effect during these conditions. The matrix of the castable absorbed much K, became clogged and produced a distinct border between reacted and unaffected matrix. The coarser matrix of the phosphate bonded brick retained much of its porosity and had ash transported further into the material without a clear distinction between reacted and unaffected matrix. Grains with >30 atomic-% Si, formed a layer enriched in K, with a thickness up to 40 µm and cracks propagating through it. Grains mainly consisting of Al2O3 seemed unaffected by the exposure. When the ash was rich in SiO2, a melt was produced that restricted the attack on the refractories to the surface and coarser pores.
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| 9. |
- Carlborg, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction between ash forming elements in woody biomass and two high alumina refractories part 2 : transformation of crystalline compounds
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Two high alumina refractories, one brick and one pre fired castable was exposed to pure K2CO3, K2CO3 + CaCO3, and K2CO3 + CaCO3 + SiO2 at 1050°C and a CO2 atmosphere. A stratified investigation of crystalline phases was made with polycrystalline x-ray diffraction, and thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed to explore possible formation paths. A monoclinic polymorph of KAlSiO4 was formed to a large extent in both materials exposed to pure K2CO3. Throughout the affected part of the castable and a small layer close to the surface of the brick, a solid solution between KAlO2 and KAlSiO4 formed, K1-xAl1-xSixO2, x = 0.19. The affected area of the castable had 30-50 %wt new phases and made a sharp transition to unaffected material. The concentration of new phases in the brick was decreasing at an even rate from about 40 to 15%wt throughout the whole material thickness of 14 mm. Exposure to K2CO3 and CaCO3 showed the same phases and behavior, but no Ca-bearing phases could be detected. The mixture containing K2CO3, CaCO3 and SiO2 did not penetrate far into the material but formed the same phases in the affected areas. Wollastonite (CaSiO3) formed in the slag on top of these materials. The major mechanism for formation of new phases is suggested to be the formation of an initial melt composed of K2O and SiO2. This liquid is then dissolving refractory components and forms a liquid in equilibrium with KAlSiO4 and K1-xAl1-xSixO2.
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| 10. |
- Carlborg, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Reactions between ash and ceramic lining in entrained flow gasification of wood : exposure studies and thermodynamic considerations
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 21st EU BC&E - Copenhagen 2013. - Florence Italy. - 9788889407530 ; , s. 446-449
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gasification of biomass in the entrained flow process requires temperatures above 1000°C and pressures above 20 bar. Together with the ash forming elements, a harsh environment is created inside these reactors and degradation of construction material is likely to occur. This will lead to unplanned stops and increased maintenance work resulting in economic loss. In this work, two refractory materials (63 and 83 weight percent alumina) were exposed to synthetic ash composed of K2CO3, CaCO3 and SiO2 to study chemical attack on and interactions with the refractory materials. The exposure went on for 7 days in 1050°C and CO2atmosphere in a muffle furnace. It was found that potassium (K) is the most active element in attack of the refractories and is transported fastest in the material. A melt composed of K, Ca and Si was formed that prevented penetration of K but it also dissolved aluminum from the refractory materials. Xray diffraction showed that the crystalline phases leucite, kalsilite, kaliophilite, K(2x)Al(2x) SixO4 and wollastonite had formed. Formations of new phases in refractories will cause stress and eventually failure within refractories.
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