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| 2. |
- Broström, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Correlation between safety assessments in the driver-car interaction design process
- 2011
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Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-6870 .- 1872-9126. ; 42:4, s. 575-582
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the functional revolution in modern cars, evaluation methods to be used in all phases of driver-car interaction design have gained importance. It is crucial for car manufacturers to discover and solve safety issues early in the interaction design process. A current problem is thus to find a correlation between the formative methods that are used during development and the summative methods that are used when the product has reached the customer. This paper investigates the correlation between efficiency metrics from summative and formative evaluations, where the results of two studies on sound and navigation system tasks are compared. The first, an analysis of the J.D. Power and Associates APEAL survey, consists of answers given by about two thousand customers. The second, an expert evaluation study, was done by six evaluators who assessed the layouts by task completion time, TLX and Nielsen heuristics. The results show a high degree of correlation between the studies in terms of task efficiency, i.e. between customer ratings and task completion time, and customer ratings and TLX. However, no correlation was observed between Nielsen heuristics and customer ratings, task completion time or TLX. The results of the studies introduce a possibility to develop a usability evaluation framework that includes both formative and summative approaches, as the results show a high degree of consistency between the different methodologies. Hence, combining a quantitative approach with the expert evaluation method, such as task completion time, should be more useful for driver-car interaction design.
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| 3. |
- Broström, Robert
(författare)
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Design implications for visual-manual interfaces in cars
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the past decades there has been an extensive evolution in computer and communication technologies. In the last ten years these technologies have become an integrated part of our cars via in-vehicle information systems. Considerable efforts are put into research and development of the interface between the in-vehicle information systems and the driver. Due to the fact that vision is imperative in driving, the focus is in particular on the visual-manual interface and on apt usability evaluation methods.The purpose of this thesis is to study design implications for the development of visual-manual interfaces in cars. A point of departure is that the practice of the usability concept, usability evaluation methods, and compliance tests has implications for the design process.Four papers are appended to the thesis. Paper I focuses on differences between rotary control and touch screen interfaces in terms of driving simulator and glance metrics. Paper II investigates correlations between data from customer evaluations and expert evaluations for visual-manual interfaces. Paper III searches for the presence of and possible explanations for individual glance strategies in a driving simulator study. Paper IV investigates effects of individual glance strategies on the NHTSA visual-manual distraction test in a driving simulator set-up.In the thesis it is concluded that the optimal input device is dependent on the task being performed, that is, the touch screen is more efficient for alphanumeric input while rotary control performs list scrolling more efficiently. In addition, drivers seem to adapt their glance behaviour based on the display position. It is evident that efficiency metrics correlate between several usability evaluation methods. Hence, it is possible to generalise results from expert evaluations at an early design phase, to customer survey samples based on car ownership. Concerning glance behaviour, it is clear that individual glance strategies exist. Especially interesting are two glance strategies, long glancers and frequent glancers, that affect the results of the NHTSA compliance testing. These glance strategies have to be controlled for in the test situation. Finally, a framework is proposed that combines a classification of visual-manual actions with different visual fixations. The task analysis framework has the potential to analyse actions in terms of required visual resources, thus already providing an evaluation of visual-manual interfaces in the concept phase.
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| 4. |
- Broström, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Individual glance strategies and their effect on the NHTSA visual manual distraction test
- 2016
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 36, s. 83-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper was to investigate how individual differences in glance strategy could impact the glance performance test defined in the NHTSA visual manual distraction guidelines. Better understanding of the test procedure could help development of new technology for safe driving. A custom in-vehicle information system was developed and assessed in a driving simulator by eighteen participants. The interfaces were designed according to recommendations in the NHTSA guidelines and contained manual radio-tuning tasks, sound settings tasks and six letter spelling tasks. Two of the six tested interfaces fully complied with the test. In addition, clear individual differences in glance strategy were found among the participants. Four individual glance strategies were identified. Two of these, long glancers and frequent glancers, highly affected the outcome of the compliance test. Participants belonging to the long glancers and the frequent glancers categories were identified as statistical outliers in many test cases. For example, if the individual values of these participants were replaced with sample mean, the number of complying interfaces would increase to five out of six, which is more in line with expectations for these interfaces. The results of this study show that individual variations in glance strategy exist. Also, these individual variations seem to have a non- negligible influence on the result when performance-testing of in-vehicle interfaces is done according to the NTHSA guidelines.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Broström, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived styling and usability in integrated centre panel layouts as a function of interaction style and age
- 2007
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Ingår i: Human Factors Issues in Complex System Performance. - Maastricht : Shaker Verlag. - 9789042303256 ; , s. 193-204
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the past ten years information and entertainment functionality has become an increasingly important part of the car interior. Infotainment functions have been growing in number and diversity, concurrently with a trend towards utilization of fewer controls and graphical displays in integrated centre panel layouts. This evolution has solved many functional and styling issues. However, as a consequence, several usability and safety concerns have been raised. A number of these concerns are related to age, a factor that is especially important in the premium car segment where a majority of drivers are older than 50 years. This study investigated perceived styling and usability of premium car centre panel layouts among different age groups. The investigation was based on APEAL customer survey data from the North American market, associated with the sound system. Questions on the appearance (styling), understanding (usability) and ease of use while driving (usability/safety) of the stereo faceplate and controls were analysed. The results showed that all age groups perceived the appearance of integrated centre panel layouts similarly. However, with rising age, there is a decrease in perceived understanding and ease of use while driving in the case of a number of premium car models.
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| 7. |
- Broström, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a model to interpret driver behaviour in terms of mismatch between real world complexity and invested effort
- 2012
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Ingår i: Work. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 41:Suppl. 1, s. 5068-5074
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driving behaviour has been less documented than driver workload. The possibilities to define a framework that could be part of a driving behaviour model were investigated. The results present a framework that defines twelve scenarios in which drivers have misinterpreted a driving situation. The descriptions show evidence of increased user experience for some scenarios while other indicates reduced traffic safety. The results suggest that by using the framework-descriptions on how and why mismatches occur, design guidelines for in-vehicle systems can be developed.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Broström (red), Tor, et al.
(författare)
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Brandsäkerhet för byggnader med kulturvärden: En kunskapsöversikt
- 2021
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Abstract [sv] Arbetet med brandsäkerhet för byggnader med kulturvärden kräver anpassade lösningar som också kan tillgodose ett bevarande av byggnaderna och deras kulturvärden. Det finns, utspritt, mycket kunskap och erfarenhet inom det här området både i Sverige och internationellt. För att tillgodose ett behov av samlad kunskap inom detta område initierade Brandforsk en kunskapsöversikt tillsammans med Akademiska hus, Fortifikationsverket, Kammarkollegiet, Kyrkans försäkring, Riksantikvarieämbetet och Statens fastighetsverk. Den här kunskapsöversikten syftar till att sammanställa och presentera den kunskap som finns. Ett kompletterande syfte är att definiera områden där kunskap saknas. Kunskapsöversikten är indelad i sex områden: 2. Skydd mot brands uppkomst 3. Spridning av brand inom byggnad 4. Spridning av brand till byggnad 5. Brandens påverkan på byggnadens stomme 6. Utrymning 7. Räddningstjänstens insats Med utgångspunkt från workshops har en sammanställning av behovsbilden gjorts. Kunskapsöversikten och behovsbilden ligger till grund för en gap-analys vilken pekar på behov av fortsatt forskning och utveckling. Abstract [en] Working with fire safety in historic buildings requires adapted solutions that can also satisfy the preservation of the buildings and their cultural values. There is a lot of knowledge and experience in this area both in Sweden and internationally. In order to make this available to end users, Brandforsk initiated a literature review together with a group of national sponsors. This literature review aims to compile and present the documented knowledge in the field. A complementary purpose is to define knowledge gaps. The review is divided into six areas: 2. Fire prevention 3. Fire spread within buildings 4. Fire spread between structures 5. Structural fire resistance 6. Evacuation 7. Fire and rescue service activities Based on workshops the needs of end users have been compiled. A comparison of the outcome of the review and the end user needs defines a knowledge gap pointing to the need for continued research and development.
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| 10. |
- Falk, Joel, et al.
(författare)
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Mass flow and variability in screw feeding of biomass powders : relations to particle and bulk properties
- 2015
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Ingår i: Powder Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0032-5910 .- 1873-328X. ; 276, s. 80-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biomass powders often have high cohesiveness, low bulk density and poor material flow characteristics which cause interruptions and variations in feeding systems. In this study, a range of biomasses – commercial charcoal, torrefied Norway spruce stem wood, non-treated Norway spruce stem wood, and reed canary grass – were milled (screen size: 1 mm) using two different methods; cutting mill and hammer mill, to form eight types of biomass powders. The powders were analyzed for loose bulk density, Hausner ratio, compression ratio, angle of repose and for size and shape distributions. Size and shape were determined by mechanical sieving and optical particle size and shape analysis. Additionally, yield loci and wall yield loci were determined through standard bulk solid testing methods. Screw feeding properties of the eight biomass powders were determined by feeding the materials in a twin screw feeder — at constant rpm and at a constant feeding rate of 1 kg/h. Correlation analysis and principal component loadings were used to describe relations between material properties and feeding characteristics. When materials were fed at a constant rpm, feeding variability was closely correlated to the powder's angle of repose (long time) and Hausner and compression ratios (short time).
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