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- Naidoo, Poobalan, et al.
(author)
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Real-world evidence and product development : Opportunities, challenges and risk mitigation
- 2021
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In: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. - : Springer. - 0043-5325 .- 1613-7671. ; 133:15-16, s. 840-846
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Real-world evidence (RWE) is derived from real-world data (RWD) sources including electronic health records, claims data, registries (disease, product) and pragmatic clinical trials. The importance of RWE derived from RWD has been once again demonstrated during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as it can improve patient care by complementing information obtained from traditional clinical trial programs. Additionally, RWE can generate insights into disease mechanisms, epidemiology, patient flows in and out of healthcare systems, and drivers and barriers to optimal clinical care in real-world settings. Identifying unmet medical needs is crucial as it often can inform which investigational new drugs enter clinical trial testing, and RWE studies from hospital settings have contributed substantial progress here. RWE can also optimize the design of clinical studies, inform benefit risk assessments and use networks of pragmatic studies to help with clinical trial feasibilities and eventual trial initiation. The challenges of RWD include data quality, reproducibility and accuracy which may affect validity. RWD and RWE must be fit for purpose and one must be cognizant of inherent biases.
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| 3. |
- Raal, Frederick J., et al.
(author)
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PCSK9 Inhibitors : From Nature's Lessons to Clinical Utility
- 2020
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In: Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets. - : Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. - 1871-5303 .- 2212-3873. ; 20:6, s. 840-854
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors are a novel class of non-statin lipid lowering therapy that reduce LDL-cholesterol by 50 - 6044,. PCSK9 inhibitors decrease LDL-cholesterol by preventing intracellular degradation of LDL receptors; subsequently, a greater number of LDL-receptors arc available on the cell surface to extract circulating LDL. Objective: To describe the origins of PCSK9 inhibitors and their current use in clinical practice. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the PCSK9 inhibitor class of drugs Results: Current data indicate that PCSK9 inhibitors effectively reduce LDL-cholesterol and are well tolerated and safe. PCSK9 inhibitors have also been shown to reduce cardiovascular event rates in patients with stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and in patients with a recent (up to one year) acute coronary syndrome. Given the costs, chronicity of the treatment and the potential budget impact, PCSK9 inhibitors are often limited to patients with the highest absolute risk for major adverse cardiovascular events despite optimal treatment with high-intensity statin and ezetimibe. Conclusion: PCSK9 inhibitors have a favorable safety, efficacy and tolerability profile. Post marketing safety surveillance and real-world studies are needed to further support the long-term safety profile of this class of medicine.
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| 4. |
- Santangelo, James S., et al.
(author)
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Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover
- 2022
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 375
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural dines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale.
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| 5. |
- Thomas, HS, et al.
(author)
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- 2019
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