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Sökning: WFRF:(Cuadros A)

  • Resultat 1-10 av 16
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  • Munk, P., et al. (författare)
  • Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 13:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention.
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  • Beral, V, et al. (författare)
  • Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-1827 .- 0007-0920. ; 87, s. 1234-45
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1 % per 10 g per day, P < 0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers= 1.03, 95% CI 0.98 - 1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92 - 1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. (C) 2002 Cancer Research UK.
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  • Kim, HyeJin, et al. (författare)
  • Towards a better future for biodiversity and people : Modelling Nature Futures
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Global Environmental Change. - 0959-3780 .- 1872-9495. ; 82
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Nature Futures Framework (NFF) is a heuristic tool for co-creating positive futures for nature and people. It seeks to open up a diversity of futures through mainly three value perspectives on nature - Nature for Nature, Nature for Society, and Nature as Culture. This paper describes how the NFF can be applied in modelling to support decision-making. First, we describe key considerations for the NFF in developing qualitative and quantitative scenarios: i) multiple value perspectives on nature as a state space where pathways improving nature toward a frontier can be represented, ii) mutually reinforcing key feedbacks of social-ecological systems that are important for nature conservation and human wellbeing, iii) indicators of multiple knowledge systems describing the evolution of complex social-ecological dynamics. We then present three approaches to modelling Nature Futures scenarios in the review, screening, and design phases of policy processes. This paper seeks to facilitate the integration of relational values of nature in models and strengthen modelled linkages across biodiversity, nature's contributions to people, and quality of life.
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  • Arthur, Edmund, et al. (författare)
  • Central Macular Thickness in Diabetic Patients : A Sex-based Analysis
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Optometry and Vision Science. - : American Academy of Optometry. - 1040-5488 .- 1538-9235. ; 96:4, s. 266-275
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • SIGNIFICANCE The pathological changes in clinically significant diabetic macular edema lead to greater retinal thickening in men than in women. Therefore, male sex should be considered a potential risk factor for identifying individuals with the most severe pathological changes. Understanding this excessive retinal thickening in men may help preserve vision. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the sex differences in retinal thickness in diabetic patients. We tested whether men with clinically significant macular edema had even greater central macular thickness than expected from sex differences without significant pathological changes. This study also aimed to determine which retinal layers contribute to abnormal retinal thickness. METHODS From 2047 underserved adult diabetic patients from Alameda County, CA, 142 patients with clinically significant macular edema were identified by EyePACS-certified graders using color fundus images (Canon CR6-45NM). First, central macular thickness from spectral domain optical coherence tomography (iVue; Optovue Inc.) was compared in 21 men versus 21 women without clinically significant macular edema. Then, a planned comparison contrasted the greater values of central macular thickness in men versus women with clinically significant macular edema as compared with those without. Mean retinal thickness and variability of central macular layers were compared in men versus women. RESULTS Men without clinically significant macular edema had a 12-μm greater central macular thickness than did women (245 ± 21.3 and 233 ± 13.4 μm, respectively; t40 = −2.18, P = .04). Men with clinically significant macular edema had a 67-μm greater central macular thickness than did women (383 ± 48.7 and 316 ± 60.4 μm, P < .001); that is, men had 55 μm or more than five times more (t20 = 2.35, P = .02). In men, the outer-nuclear-layer thickness was more variable, F10,10 = 9.34. CONCLUSIONS Underserved diabetic men had thicker retinas than did women, exacerbated by clinically significant macular edema.
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  • Alahamami, Mastour A., et al. (författare)
  • Comparison of cysts in red and green images for diabetic macular edema
  • 2014
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose: To improve the detection of macular cyst with photoscreening, we tested whether in a population of largely minority patients the red channel image from a color fundus camera visualizes cysts in diabetic macular edema better than the green channel image. In assessing diabetic retinas for clinically significant macular edema, the presence of cysts must be judged with respect to the central macula. Some grading programs use red free images, often derived from green channel images, to enhance visualization of retinal vessel damage or macular pigment, but some red and near infrared instruments have detected cysts better than short wavelength techniques. Methods: We evaluated macular cysts in 13 diabetic patients diagnosed with clinically significant macular edema, age range 33-68 years. Diabetic patients were selected from the screening study of >2000 underserved patients seen at Eastmont Wellness Center, Oakland, CA. Patients underwent photoscreening with a nonmydriatic color fundus camera (Canon Cr-DGi, Tokyo, Japan) and SD-OCT (iVue, Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA). The color fundus images for those patients were transformed into red and green channels to evaluate the appearance of macular cysts in red channel images and green channel images. The region of each cyst was compared SD-OCT scans (Adobe Photoshop CS5.1, San Jose, CA). Only cysts touching the central 1 mm around the fixation from the SD-OCT scans were sampled. Results: The average size of retinal cysts in red channel images, 124.57 µm (±106.96), was significantly greater than in green channel, 59.44 µm (±76.6), (p<0.006). Entire cysts could not be seen in 5 eyes in the green channel images. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the grading of cysts in the central macular might be improved by incorporating red channel images. There are a number of potential factors that could make cysts less visible in the green channel images, including poorer light penetration through to the deeper retina or macular pigment. Anterior segment issues impact more on green channel images. This population includes mostly minority patients who have dark fundi, and darker images.
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