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- Butler, Aodhán D., 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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The role of microbes in decay and preservation: a Cambrian Explosion of animals and Lagerstätten.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The abrupt appearance of animals in the early Cambrian has been interpreted either as an explosive biological diversification or, alternatively, as an artefact resulting from a sudden increase in the probability of animal remains becoming fossilised. We attempt to reconcile these competing interpretations in exceptionally-preserved biota, which provide a vital part of our knowledge of the disparity and diversity of the Cambrian fauna. We assess the factors influencing the potential for exceptional fossil preservation using the brine shrimp Artemia salina as our experimental model. Following gut wall rupture, but prior to cuticle failure, internal, gut-derived microbes spread into the body cavity and formed pseudomorphs of tissues. Gut-derived microbes were shown to be the main factor mediating both decay and biofilm replacement and tissue stabilisation. This pattern of preservation is consistent with results from other experimental studies and with the nature of Burgess Shale type fossil remains. Thus, the evolution of a through-gut may have not only underpinned the ecological revolution that bilaterian diversification represents, but also catalysed the exceptional preservation of early bilaterian fossils.
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| 2. |
- Syk, Mikaela, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Biological markers for CNS damage in a patient cohort with suspected autoimmune psychiatric disease
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: This study describes the prevalence of CNS damage biomarkers and other CNS pathology in a psychiatric patient cohort enriched for clinical red flags of suspected autoimmune psychiatric disease. The study further explores how CNS damage biomarkers relate to clinical red flags and psychiatric features. Methods: 127 patients were included in the study. A routine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was performed and anti-neuronal antibodies were measured. CNS damage biomarkers (neurofilament light chain protein (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp) and total Tau (t-Tau)) in CSF were related to proposed clinical red flags for autoimmune psychiatric disease, other psychiatric features and MRI and EEG findings. Results: Twenty-seven per cent had elevated levels of CNS damage biomarkers and 21% had basic CSF analysis alterations. Six per cent had anti-neuronal antibodies in serum and 2% in CSF. Fifty percent of patients examined with MRI (n=88) had signs of atrophy and 41% had white matter changes. Twenty-five percent of patients with EEG recordings (n=70) had pathological EEG findings. Elevated NfL, GFAp and t-Tau levels were associated with the presence of clinical red flags. Elevated GFAp and t-Tau were also associated with higher psychiatric symptom ratings.Conclusions: Pre-selection based on clinical red flags for autoimmune psychiatric disease identifies a population where 27% have CSF signs of CNS tissue damage, 21% have CSF alterations suggesting neuroinflammation or blood-brain barrier dysfunction and 6% have anti-neuronal antibodies. Moreover, pathological levels of NfL, GFAp or t-Tau in CSF may be related to distinctive red flags and patterns of psychiatric manifestations.
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