| 1. |
- Schuttelaar, Marie L.A., et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of contact allergy to metals in the European general population with a focus on nickel sulfate and piercings : The EDEN Fragrance Study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873. ; 79:1, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Studies on sensitization to metals in the general population are scarce. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of sensitization to metals in the general population, and factors associated with nickel sensitization. Methods: In 5 European countries (The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Sweden), a random sample (N =3119) from the general population (aged 18-74years) was patch tested and interviewed by use of a questionnaire on exposure to metals, piercing, and jewellery. Results: Overall, the age-standardized prevalences of sensitization to nickel, cobalt and chromium were, respectively, 14.5%, 2.1%, and 0.8%. The highest prevalence of nickel sensitization was seen in Portugal (18.5%) and the lowest (8.3%) in Sweden. The prevalence of cobalt sensitization varied between 3.8% (The Netherlands) and 0.9% (Italy), and the prevalence of chromium sensitization varied between 1.3% (Portugal) and 0.2% (Sweden). Significant associations were observed between nickel allergy and female sex (odds ratio [OR] 5.19; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 3.99-6.74), past piercing use (OR 3.86; 95%CI: 2.85-5.24), and currently having ≥3 piercings (OR 5.58; 95%CI: 4.02-7.76). Conclusions: The prevalence of sensitization to metals in the European general population was high, mostly because of nickel. The lowest prevalence of contact allergy to nickel and chromium observed in Sweden supports the effectiveness of long-standing regulation.
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| 2. |
- Sosted, Heidi, et al.
(författare)
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Contact allergy to common ingredients in hair dyes
- 2013
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Ingår i: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873. ; 69:1, s. 32-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is the primary patch test screening agent for hair dye contact allergy, and approximately 100 different hair dye chemicals are allowed. Objectives To examine whether PPD is an optimal screening agent for diagnosing hair dye allergy or whether other clinically important sensitizers exist. Methods Two thousand nine hundred and thirty-nine consecutive patients in 12 dermatology clinics were patch tested with five hair dyes available from patch test suppliers. Furthermore, 22 frequently used hair dye ingredients not available from patch test suppliers were tested in subgroups of approximate to 500 patients each. Results A positive reaction to PPD was found in 4.5% of patients, and 2.8% reacted to toluene-2,5-diamine (PTD), 1.8% to p-aminophenol, 1% to m-aminophenol, and 0.1% to resorcinol; all together, 5.3% (n=156). Dying hair was the most frequently reported cause of the allergy (55.4%); so-called temporary henna' tattoos were the cause in 8.5% of the cases. p-Methylaminophenol gave a reaction in 20 patients (2.2%), 3 of them with clinical relevance, and no co-reaction with the above five well-known hair dyes. Conclusions Hair dyes are the prime cause of PPD allergy. PPD identifies the majority of positive reactions to PTD, p-aminophenol and m-aminophenol, but not all, which justifies additional testing with hair dye ingredients from the used product.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bruze, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The significance of batch and patch test method in establishing contact allergy to fragrance mix I—EDEN Fragrance Study Group
- 2019
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Ingår i: Contact Dermatitis. - : Wiley. - 0105-1873 .- 1600-0536. ; 81:1, s. 104-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A fragrance mix consisting of eight separate fragrance ingredients (fragrance mix I [FM I]) is present in most baseline patch test series. Patch testing with the TRUE Test technique is considered to detect less contact allergy to FM I than testing with the Finn Chamber technique. Objective: To investigate the possible significance of batch and patch test method in establishing contact allergy to FM I. Methods: Three thousand one hundred and nineteen individuals representing a sample of the general population were patch tested with two batches of FM I with two patch test techniques at six dermatology clinics in five European countries. The TRUE Test technique and the Finn Chamber technique with pet. preparations were used. McNemar's test was used for statistical calculations. Results: The contact allergy prevalences varied between 0.7% and 2.6%. The patch tests with the mixes containing Evernia prunastri (oak moss) with a high content of chloratranol/atranol resulted in substantially more positive reactions than the corresponding tests with the mixes containing oak moss with a low content of chloratranol/atranol. The Finn Chamber technique detected significantly more contact allergic reactions than the TRUE Test technique (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The Finn Chamber technique detects more contact allergy to FM I than the TRUE Test technique.
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| 5. |
- Diepgen, Thomas L, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of Contact Allergy to p-Phenylenediamine in the European General Population.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Investigative Dermatology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1523-1747 .- 0022-202X. ; 136:2, s. 409-415
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Population-based studies on contact allergy to p-phenylenediamine (PPD) are scarce. A cross-sectional study was performed to assess the prevalence of contact allergy to PPD and its risk factors in the general population of 5 European countries. A total of 10,425 subjects were interviewed, and a random sample (n = 2,739) was patch tested to PPD. Overall, 5,286 individuals (50.9%) reported having used hair colorants at least once in their lifetime (78% female, 20% male), and 35% had used hair colorants during the last 12 months. Hair colorant avoidance because of any skin problem during the lifetime was reported by 6%. Black henna tattoos had been used by 5.5% during their lifetime. The prevalence of PPD contact allergy was 0.8% (95% confidence interval 0.6-1.0%), with no statistically significant association with gender or hair dye use. The prevalence of PPD in black henna tattoo users was 3.2% versus 0.6% in nonusers (P < 0.001). A clinically relevant positive patch test reaction to PPD related to hair coloring products was found in 0.1% (95% confidence interval 0.0-0.2%). A significant association with PPD contact allergy was observed for subjects who had black henna tattoos in their lifetime, with an age- and gender-adjusted odds ratio of 9.33 (95% confidence interval 3.45-25.26, P < 0.001). Black henna tattoos are an important risk factor for PPD contact allergy.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Pongpairoj, Korbkarn, et al.
(författare)
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Proposed ICDRG Classification of the Clinical Presentation of Contact Allergy
- 2016
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Ingår i: Dermatitis. - 1710-3568. ; 27:5, s. 248-258
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The International Contact Dermatitis Research Group proposes a classification for the clinical presentation of contact allergy. The classification is based primarily on the mode of clinical presentation. The categories are direct exposure/contact dermatitis, mimicking or exacerbation of preexisting eczema, multifactorial dermatitis including allergic contact dermatitis, by proxy, mimicking angioedema, airborne contact dermatitis, photo-induced contact dermatitis, systemic contact dermatitis, noneczematous contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, protein contact dermatitis, respiratory/mucosal symptoms, oral contact dermatitis, erythroderma/exfoliative dermatitis, minor forms of presentation, and extracutaneous manifestations.
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