| 1. |
- Patterson, Nick, et al.
(författare)
-
Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; , s. 588-594
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Present-day people from England and Wales harbour more ancestry derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) than people of the Early Bronze Age1. To understand this, we generated genome-wide data from 793 individuals, increasing data from the Middle to Late Bronze and Iron Age in Britain by 12-fold, and Western and Central Europe by 3.5-fold. Between 1000 and 875 BC, EEF ancestry increased in southern Britain (England and Wales) but not northern Britain (Scotland) due to incorporation of migrants who arrived at this time and over previous centuries, and who were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France. These migrants contributed about half the ancestry of Iron Age people of England and Wales, thereby creating a plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain. These patterns are part of a broader trend of EEF ancestry becoming more similar across central and western Europe in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, coincident with archaeological evidence of intensified cultural exchange2-6. There was comparatively less gene flow from continental Europe during the Iron Age, and Britain's independent genetic trajectory is also reflected in the rise of the allele conferring lactase persistence to ~50% by this time compared to ~7% in central Europe where it rose rapidly in frequency only a millennium later. This suggests that dairy products were used in qualitatively different ways in Britain and in central Europe over this period.
|
|
| 3. |
- Dunér, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Length of time such civilizations release detectable signals into space, L, pre-1961
- 2015
-
Ingår i: The Drake Equation : Estimating the Prevalence of Extraterrestrial Life through the Ages. - 1759-3247. - 1107073650 - 9781107073654 ; 8, s. 241-269
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter is an overview of the prehistory of L, how people across the globe from our earliest sources to 1961 have tried to understand the beginning and end of history, and the rise and fall of civilizations. Factor L is put into a longer historical context of human conceptions about history, time, and civilization. In focus is the question of how it was possible to formulate L in its modern version, as embodied in the Drake Equation. This was not possible, I argue, until the end of the nineteenth century. L required a number of philosophical, scientific, and technical discoveries and inventions before it became possible to discuss the longevity of extraterrestrial technical civilizations. Of special significance was the “discovery of time,” the emergence of a set of ideas for understanding human temporality: first, linear time, time that has a beginning and an end, and in which nothing is forever; second, long time lines, in which there was a time before humans and human civilization, and that the history of our civilization is only a fraction of the history of universe; and third, that time has a direction, that humans are historical beings – that is, knowledge, culture, and society are not something preexisting but something created by humans, evolving, that rests on the experiences and actions of previous generations in a cumulative process leading to the development of knowledge, behavior, and life conditions, or what is sometimes called the “idea of progress.” The first section concerns the beginning of time: notions of the dawn and age of the world, thoughts about the history of the Earth and humankind, when humans entered the history of the universe, and the emergence of the notion that human civilization has existed for only a fraction of the total age of the universe. The second section concerns the direction of time: where we are heading, ideas about how societies emerge, the rise of civilizations, and the notion of advancement, the thought that civilization is not a given but something created by humans. The third section puts forward notions of the end of time: doom, cataclysms, the meaning of history, and how and why civilizations and empires – or the whole world – fall. Finally, I conclude that L is a measure of the civilizing or socialization process, and the variables that underlie it: biocultural coevolution and the interaction between the evolution of cognition and socialization.
|
|
