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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Liu, Tao, et al.
(författare)
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16% efficiency all-polymer organic solar cells enabled by a finely tuned morphology via the design of ternary blend
- 2021
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Ingår i: Joule. - : CELL PRESS. - 2542-4351. ; 5:4, s. 914-930
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A SUMMARY There is an urgent demand for all-polymer organic solar cells (AP-OSCs) to gain higher efficiency. Here, we successfully improve the performance to 16.09% by introducing a small amount of BN-T, a B <- N-type polymer acceptor, into the PM6:PY-IT blend. It has been found that BN-T makes the active layer, based on the PM6:PY-IT:BN-T ternary blend, more crystalline but meanwhile slightly reduces the phase separation, leading to enhancement of both exciton harvesting and charge transport. From a thermodynamic viewpoint, BN-T prefers to reside between PM6 and PY-IT, and the fraction of this fine-tunes the morphology. Besides, a significantly reduced nonradiative energy loss occurs in the ternary blend, along with the coexistence of energy and charge transfer between the two acceptors. The progressive performance facilitated by these improved properties demonstrates that AP-OSCs can possibly comparably efficient with those based on small molecule acceptors, further enhancing the competitiveness of this device type.
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| 5. |
- Tong, Yang, et al.
(författare)
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Progress of the key materials for organic solar cells
- 2020
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Ingår i: Science in China Series B. - Beijing, China : SCIENCE PRESS. - 1674-7291 .- 1869-1870. ; 63:6, s. 758-765
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic solar cells have attracted academic and industrial interests due to the advantages like lightweight, flexibility and roll-to-roll fabrication. Nowadays, 18% power conversion efficiency has been achieved in the state-of-the-art organic solar cells. The recent rapid progress in organic solar cells relies on the continuously emerging new materials and device fabrication technologies, and the deep understanding on film morphology, molecular packing and device physics. Donor and acceptor materials are the key materials for organic solar cells since they determine the device performance. The past 25 years have witnessed an odyssey in developing high-performance donors and acceptors. In this review, we focus on those star materials and milestone work, and introduce the molecular structure evolution of key materials. These key materials include homopolymer donors, D-A copolymer donors, A-D-A small molecular donors, fullerene acceptors and nonfullerene acceptors. At last, we outlook the challenges and very important directions in key materials development.
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- Luo, Yifei, et al.
(författare)
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Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors
- 2023
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Ingår i: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society. - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 17:6, s. 5211-5295
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
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| 7. |
- Xiao, Wei, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring Red, Green, and Blue Light-Activated Degradation of Perovskite Films and Solar Cells for Near Space Applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: Solar RRL. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 2367-198X. ; 4:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hybrid perovskite solar cells with a high specific power have great potential to become promising power sources mounted on spacecrafts in space applications. However, there is a lack of study on their photostability as light absorbers in those conditions. Herein, the stability of the perovskite films and solar cells under red, green, and blue (RGB) light illumination in medium vacuum that belongs to near space is explored. The perovskite active layers exhibit different degradations from morphological, chemical, and structural points of view. This is attributed to the strong coupling between photoexcited carriers and the crystal lattice and the diversity of RGB light absorption in the perovskite films. Device characterizations reveal that the efficiency loss of perovskite solar cells results from not only perovskite degradation, but also the photoexcited carriers reducing the energy barrier of ion migration and accelerating the migration to generate more deep-level trap defects. Moreover, comparative devices suggest that the well encapsulation can weaken the effect of vacuum on stability.
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| 8. |
- Lensink, Marc F., et al.
(författare)
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Impact of AlphaFold on structure prediction of protein complexes: The CASP15-CAPRI experiment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proteins. - : WILEY. - 0887-3585 .- 1097-0134.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the results for CAPRI Round 54, the 5th joint CASP-CAPRI protein assembly prediction challenge. The Round offered 37 targets, including 14 homodimers, 3 homo-trimers, 13 heterodimers including 3 antibody-antigen complexes, and 7 large assemblies. On average similar to 70 CASP and CAPRI predictor groups, including more than 20 automatics servers, submitted models for each target. A total of 21 941 models submitted by these groups and by 15 CAPRI scorer groups were evaluated using the CAPRI model quality measures and the DockQ score consolidating these measures. The prediction performance was quantified by a weighted score based on the number of models of acceptable quality or higher submitted by each group among their five best models. Results show substantial progress achieved across a significant fraction of the 60+ participating groups. High-quality models were produced for about 40% of the targets compared to 8% two years earlier. This remarkable improvement is due to the wide use of the AlphaFold2 and AlphaFold2-Multimer software and the confidence metrics they provide. Notably, expanded sampling of candidate solutions by manipulating these deep learning inference engines, enriching multiple sequence alignments, or integration of advanced modeling tools, enabled top performing groups to exceed the performance of a standard AlphaFold2-Multimer version used as a yard stick. This notwithstanding, performance remained poor for complexes with antibodies and nanobodies, where evolutionary relationships between the binding partners are lacking, and for complexes featuring conformational flexibility, clearly indicating that the prediction of protein complexes remains a challenging problem.
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| 9. |
- Li, Danqin, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced and Balanced Charge Transport Boosting Ternary Solar Cells Over 17% Efficiency
- 2020
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 32:34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ternary architecture is one of the most effective strategies to boost the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, an OSC with a ternary architecture featuring a highly crystalline molecular donor DRTB-T-C4 as a third component to the host binary system consisting of a polymer donor PM6 and a nonfullerene acceptor Y6 is reported. The third component is used to achieve enhanced and balanced charge transport, contributing to an improved fill factor (FF) of 0.813 and yielding an impressive PCE of 17.13%. The heterojunctions are designed using so-called pinning energies to promote exciton separation and reduce recombination loss. In addition, the preferential location of DRTB-T-C4 at the interface between PM6 and Y6 plays an important role in optimizing the morphology of the active layer.
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| 10. |
- Sun, Xiao, et al.
(författare)
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Gradient-Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogel with Ultrabroadband Absorption from Microwave to Terahertz Bands
- 2023
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Nano Materials. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 2574-0970.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultrabroadband electromagnetic (EM) absorbers, especially those covering microwave to terahertz (THz) bands, are urgently desired in multispectral applications such as 6G communication, radar stealth, atmospheric remote sensing, and radio astronomy. Here, we demonstrate that chemically reduced graphene oxide aerogels can be designed as an excellent absorber with the features of ultrabroadband, light weight, compressibility, and high-temperature resistance. This magnetic-free pyramidal absorber shows remarkably broad qualified absorption bandwidth from 4.7 GHz to 4 THz, with reflection loss < -20 dB in the microwave and < -40 dB in the THz band. Especially, an unprecedentedly excellent average absorption intensity of -53.9 dB (absorptivity over 99.999%) is obtained in the frequency range from 0.5 to 4 THz. We experimentally clarify that the gradient macrostructure together with the porous microstructure underlies the continuous impedance matching in such a large frequency range spanning about 3 orders of magnitude and leads to the consecutive strong EM absorption from microwave to terahertz. We believe that this absorber will offer multifunctional and multispectral applications in many scientific and technological fields.
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