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- Eckert, C. M., et al.
(författare)
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Design margins in industrial practice
- 2020
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Ingår i: Design Science. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2053-4701. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As products are being developed over time and across organisations, the risk for unintended accumulation and mis-conception of margins allocated may occur. Accumulation of margins can result in over design, but also add risk due to under allocation. This paper describes the different terminology used in one organisation and shows the different roles margins play across the design process and in particular the how margins are a critical but often overlooked aspect of product platform design. The research was conducted in close collaboration with a truck manufacturer between 2013 and 2018. The objective was to gain understanding of the current use of margins, and associated concepts evolve along the product life cycle, across organisation and product platform representations. It was found that margins already play an important role throughout the entire design process; however, it is not recognised as a unified concept which is clearly communicated and tracked throughout the design process. Rather different stakeholders have different notions of margins and do not disclose the rationale behind adding margins or the amount that they have added. Margins also enabled designers to avoid design changes as existing components and systems can accommodate new requirements and thereby saving significant design time.
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| 2. |
- Ekström, Axel G., et al.
(författare)
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Phonetic correlates of hominin evolution in the late Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs : Becoming pre-adapted for speech
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite decades of research, the field of language evolution lacks a cohesive integrative account, capable of explicating possible linguistic evolution throughout the development of modern humans. We review archaeological findings in search of a timeline during which features of the modern human articulatory morphology emerged. Rudimentary systems of speech may have driven selection for a vocal tract “optimal” for speech in early humans. However, a range of other factors have also enacted substantial morphological changes to the would-be speech articulators. The incorporation of processed and (ultimately) cooked food in the Homo lineage likely facilitated significant reduction of mandible and masticatory muscles, decreased the time spent masticating, and may have been maintainable in the lineage because food processing had already been outsourced to the hands and rudimentary stone tools (reducing selection pressure for robust jaws). The articulatory anatomy of early human ancestors is limited with regard to human speech sounds, but theoretically allows for a greater range of sounds than are observed in nature. We suggest that with decreased pressure to maintain anatomical elements required for mastication of foods that are mechanically challenging to eat, the would-be articulatory complex of human ancestors may have become pre-adapted for the development toward fully modern human speech.
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