| 1. |
- Falk Erhag, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Concluding Remarks
- 2022
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Ingår i: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Capability in Age and Ageing. - Chem : Springer. - 9783030780654 ; 18:2, s. 143-144
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Appelgren, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Autonoma vapensystem – dagens debatt och en väg framåt : tekniska, legala och etiska aspekter
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Framstegen inom AI väcker frågor kring den militära tilllämpningen av tekniken och tillåten grad av automatisering av vapensystem. Debatten om AI i militära tillämpningar förs både av civilsamhällets organisationer och av stater. Debatten började med det mycket specifika ifrågasättandet av fullt autonoma vapensystem, ofta kallade Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS), men debatten och ifrågasättandet har vidgats till att omfatta införandet av AI i militära tillämpningar. Diskussionen är mångfacetterad och präglas av flera olika perspektiv på ställningstaganden och argumentation. Autonoma system har många användningsområden i militära tillämpningar och det är viktigt att förstå hur integrationen av högautomatiserade system ska kunna göras medavseende på de rättsliga ramverk som försvaret lyder under.Även om debatten till viss del har sitt ursprung i det senaste decenniets drönarkrigföring är de flesta parter överens omatt dagens debatt snarare handlar om framtida teknik. De tekniska, militära och juridiska aspekterna är centrala i diskussionen men även etiska, psykologiska och säkerhetspolitiska aspekter tar plats i debatten.
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| 3. |
- Becket, Ralph, et al.
(författare)
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Spoken Language Translator: Phase Two Report
- 1997
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Spoken Language Translator (SLT) is a project whose long-term goal is the construction of practically useful systems capable of translating human speech from one language into another. The current SLT prototype, described in detail in this report, is capable of speech-to-speech translation between English and Swedish in either direction within the domain of airline flight inquiries, using a vocabulary of about 1500 words. Translation from English and Swedish into French is also possible, with slightly poorer performance.A good English-language speech recognizer existed before the start of the project, and has since been improved in several ways. During the project, we have constructed a Swedish-language recognizer, arguably the best system of its kind so far built. This has involved among other things collection of a large amount of Swedish training data. The recognizer is essentially domain-independent, but has been tuned to give high performance in the air travel inquiry domain.The main version of the Swedish recognizer is trained on the Stockholm dialect of Swedish, and achieves near-real-time performance with a word error rate of about 7%. Techniques developed partly under this project make it possible to port the recognizer to other Swedish dialects using only modest quantities of training data.On the language-processing side, we had at the start of the project a substantial domain-independent language-processing system for English, a preliminary Swedish version, and a sketchy set of rules to permit English to Swedish translation. We now have good versions of the language-processing system for English, Swedish and French, and fair to good support for translation in five of the six possible language- pairs. Translation is carried out using a novel robust architecture developed under the project. In essence, this translates as much of the input utterance as possible using a sophisticated grammar-based method, and then employs a much simpler set of word- to-word translation rules to fill in the gaps.The language-processing modules are all generic in nature, are based on large, linguistically motivated grammars, and can fairly easily be tuned to give good performance in new domains. Much of the work involved in the domain adaptation process can be carried out by non-experts using tools developed under the project.Formal comparisons are problematic, in view of the different domains and languages used and the lack of accepted evaluation criteria. None the less, the evidence at our disposal suggests that the current SLT prototype is no worse than the German Verbmobil demonstrator, in spite of a difference in project budget of more than an order of magnitude.
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| 4. |
- Bergström, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in production of disfluencies in children with typical language development and children with mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of DiSS 2017, the 8th Workshop on Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech. - Stockholm : KTH Royal Institute of Technology. ; , s. 9-12
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are several studies about non-fluency inpeople who stutter, but comparatively few regardingchildren with language impairment. The currentresearch body regarding disfluencies in childrenwith language impairment has been using differentstudy-designs and definitions, making some resultsrather contradictory.The purpose of the present study is to expand theknowledge about disfluencies in children withlanguage impairment and compare the occurrenceof disfluencies between children with languageimpairment and children with typical languagedevelopment in the same age group.A total of ten children with language impairmentand six children with typical language developmentparticipated in this study. The subjects wererecorded when talking freely about a thematicpicture or toys and then analysed by calculatingdisfluencies per 50 words including frequency ofdifferent kinds of disfluencies according to Johnsonand Associates’ (1959) classic taxonomy.Our results show that children with languageimpairment do produce statistically significant moredisfluency in general, notably sound and syllablerepetition, broken words and prolongations.
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| 5. |
- Eklund, Robert, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Neural correlates of the processing of unfilled and filled pauses
- 2015
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Ingår i: The 7th Workshop on Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech (DiSS 2015), Edinburgh, Scotland (2015).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spontaneously produced Unfilled Pauses (UPs) andFilled Pauses (FPs) were played to subjects in an fMRI experiment. While both stimuli resulted in increased activity in the Primary Auditory Cortex, FPs, unlike UPs, also elicited modulation in the Supplementary Motor Area, Brodmann Area 6. This observation provides neurocognitive confirmation of the oft-reported difference between FPs and other kinds of speech disfluency and also could provide a partial explanation for the previously reported beneficial effect of FPs on reaction times in speech perception. The results are discussed in the light of the suggested role of FPs as floor-holding devices in human polylogs.
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| 6. |
- Eklund, Robert, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Supplementary Motor Area Activation in Disfluency Perception : An fMRI Study of Listener Neural Responses to Spontaneously Produced Unfilled and Filled Pauses
- 2016
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Ingår i: Interspeech 2016 8-12 Sep 2016, San Francisco. - : ISCA-INT SPEECH COMMUNICATION ASSOC. ; , s. 1378-1381
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spontaneously produced Unfilled Pauses (UPs) and Filled Pauses (FPs) were played to subjects in an fMRI experiment. For both stimuli increased activity was observed in the Primary Auditory Cortex (PAC). However, FPs, but not UPs, elicited modulation in the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA), Brodmann Area 6. Our results provide neurocognitive confirmation of the alleged difference between FPs and other kinds of speech disfluency and could also provide a partial explanation for the previously reported beneficial effect of FPs on reaction times in speech perception. Our results also have potential implications for two of the suggested functions of FPs: the “floor-holding” and the “help-me-out” hypotheses.
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| 7. |
- Stromskag, Kjell Erik, et al.
(författare)
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A history of nordic anesthesia
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Wondrous Story of Anesthesia. - New York, NY : Springer-Verlag New York. - 9781461484417 - 1461484405 - 9781461484400 ; , s. 417-428
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- News of anesthesia's discovery came via Great Britain and France, and ether was given by February 1847. Chloroform quickly followed, but its lethality caused a reversion to ether by 1900. During the last half of the nineteenth Century, surgeons directed delivery of anesthesia by nurses and non-medical persons. Operations were few in number, and infections remained the dominant surgical risk. Surgeons introduced local and regional anesthesia after Koller's 1884 demonstration of the anesthetic effects of cocaine. Until the 1930s, nurse anesthetists, directed by surgeons, continued to provide most anesthesia. Surgeons persuaded a few colleagues like Gordh (Sweden) to pursue a career in anesthesia. Gordh returned home in 1940 after 2 years training in the US. World War II delayed the training of other Nordic pioneers. Swedish scientists synthesized lidocaine, and Gordh clinically tested it in 1943. In 1950, Thesleff, and von Dardel in Sweden studied succinylcholine in patients.
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