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1.
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2.
  • Bignert, Anders, et al. (författare)
  • Comments Concerning the National Swedish Contaminant Monitoring Programme in Marine Biota, 2015
  • 2015
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The environmental toxicants examined in this report can be classified into five groups – heavy metals, chlorinated compounds, brominated flame retardants, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and perfluorinated compounds. Each of these contaminants have been examined from various sites for up to six different fish species, in blue mussels, and in guillemot eggs, for varying lengths of time. The following summary examines overall trends, spatial and temporal, for the five groups.Condition and Fat ContentCondition and fat content in different species tended to follow the same pattern at the same sites, with a few exceptions. Most of the fish species generally displayed a decreasing trend in both condition and fat content at most sites examined. Exceptions to this were increases in condition factor seen in cod liver at Fladen, perch muscle at Kvädöfjärden, and for herring at Ängskärsklubb in spring. Also, an increase in fat content was seen during the most recent ten years for herring at Ängskärsklubb in spring. There were also some sites where no log linear trends were seen.Heavy MetalsDue to a change in methods for metal analysis (not mercury) in 2004, values between 2003 and 2007 should be interpreted with care. From 2009 metals are analyzed at ACES, Stockholm University.Generally, higher mercury concentrations are found in the Bothnian Bay, but also from one station in the Northern parts of Baltic Proper, compared to other parts of the Swedish coastline. The time series show varying concentrations over the study period. The longer time series in guillemot egg and spring-caught herring from the southern Bothnian Sea and southern Baltic Proper show significant decreases of mercury. On the other hand, increasing concentrations are seen in e.g., cod muscle, but the concentrations are fairly low compared to measured concentrations in perch from fresh water and coastal sites. In most cases, the mercury concentrations are above the EQSbiota of 20 ng/g wet weight.Lead is generally decreasing over the study period (in time series of sufficient length), supposedly due to the elimination of lead in gasoline. The highest concentrations are seen in the southern part of the Baltic Sea. Elevated lead concentrations between 2003 and 2007 (e.g. Harufjärden) should be viewed with caution (see above regarding change in analysis methods). Lead concentrations are below the suggested target level at all stations.Cadmium concentrations show varying non-linear trends over the monitored period. It is worth noting that despite several measures taken to reduce discharges of cadmium, generally the most recent concentrations are similar to concentrations measured 30 yearsago in the longer time series. Cadmium concentrations in herring and perch are all below the suggested target level of 160 μg/kg wet weight.The reported nickel concentrations show no consistent decreasing trends. Some series begin with two elevated values that exert a strong leverage effect on the regression line and may give a false impression of decreasing trends. Chromium generally shows decreasing concentrations, possibly explained by a shift in analytical method. The essential trace metals, copper and zinc, show no consistent trends during the monitored period.Generally higher concentrations of arsenic and silver are found along the west coast compared to other parts of the Sweadish coast line. However for silver a few stations in the Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay show comparable concentrations to the west coast stations.Chlorinated CompoundsGenerally, a decreasing concentrations were observed for all compounds (DDT’s, PCB’s, HCH’s, HCB) in all species examined, with a few exceptions, such as no change in TCDD-equivalents being seen in herring muscle (except at Änskärsklubb where very high concentrations at the beginning of the sampling period were seen and also at the west coast station Fladen). The longer time-series in guillemot also show a marked decrease in TCDD-equivalents from the start in the late 1960s until about 1985 from where no change occurred for many years, however, during the most recent ten years a decrease in the concentration is seen. Concentrations of DDE and CB-118 are for some species and sites still above their respective target levels.The chlorinated compounds generally show higher concentrations in the Bothnian Sea and/or Baltic Proper when compared to the Bothnian Bay and the Swedish west coast.Brominated Flame RetardantsElevated levels of HBCDD are seen in sites from the Baltic Proper, while the investigated PBDEs show higher concentrations in the Bothnian Bay. In addition, lower concentrations of all investigated PBDEs and HBCDD are seen on the Swedish west coast compared to the east coast. Temporally, significant increases in BDE-47, -99 and -100 have been seen in guillemot eggs since the late 1960s until the early 1990s, where concentrations then began to show decreases. Also, the concentration of HBCDD in guillemot eggs shows a decrease during the most recent ten years. For fish and blue mussels, BDE-47, -99, and -153 decreased at some sites and showed no trend at other sites. The concentration of HBCDD in fish and blue mussels showed inconsistent trends. The concentration of HBCDD is below the EQSbiota of 167 μg/kg wet weight for all fish species from all areas, while the concentration of BDE-47 alone is above the EQSbiota for sumPBDE of 0.0085 ng/g wet weight.PAHsOnly blue mussels have been examined for spatial differences in PAH concentrations. Concentration of ΣPAH was found to be higher from Kvädöfjärden in the Baltic Proper compared to stations at the West coast, but individual PAHs showed varying spatial patterns. Over time, acenaphthalene was rarely found above the detection limit. Significant decreasing trends were observed for ΣPAH, chrysene, fluoranthene and pyrene at Fjällbacka; for naphthalene at Kvädöfjärden; and for pyrene at Fladen.All time series where concentrations of various PAHs were compared with the target value based on OSPAR Ecological Assessment Criteria, or EC Environmental Quality Standards were below the target value.PFASsPFHxS and PFOS show a similar spatial pattern, but PFOS concentrations were approximately 25 times higher than PFHxS levels. The distribution of PFOS is quite homogenous along the Swedish coast but with somewhat higher concentrations in the Baltic Proper. PFOS concentrations in guillemot eggs are about 100-200 times higher than in herring liver. An overall increasing concentration of PFOS in guillemot eggs has been observed throughout the whole time period, however, during the most recent ten years, a change of direction is detected. The longer herring time series from Harufjärden, Landsort, and Utlängan show increasing concentrations for PFOS and most carboxylates. For FOSA, on the other hand, decreasing concentrations are seen during the most recent ten years.Organotin compoundsThe majority of the analysed tinorganic compounds showed concentrations below LOQ. However TBT and DPhT showed concentrations above LOQ at all stations with highest reported concentrations in fish from Örefjärden in the northern part of Bothnian Sea.
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3.
  • Eriksson, Marie, et al. (författare)
  • Avloppsvatten : Rening av avloppsvatten i Sverige
  • 2016
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Utvecklingen de senaste 200 åren har gått från nedgrävda latriner via underjordiska kloaker som släpptes ut i närmaste sjö eller kustvatten till avancerade avloppsreningsverk. Avloppsfrågan har förändrats från att vara lösningen på ett lokalt sanitärt problem till att bli en global miljöfråga.Rening av avloppsvatten i Sverige ges ut av Naturvårdsverket och beskriver hur reningen av avloppsvatten från tätorter utvecklats i Sverige under 1900- och 2000-talen. Skriften ges ut vartannat år och har uppdaterats med senaste statistiken från 2014 angående utsläpp och slam från reningsverk.Informationen presenteras enligt artikel 16 i avloppsdirektivet (91/271/EEG). Direktivet omfattar allt avloppsvatten som samlas upp i ledningsnät, men kvantitativa krav ställs bara för de reningsverk som betjänar mer är 2 000 personer. I Sverige motsvarar det drygt 400 anläggningar. De gamla medlemsländerna i EU (EU15) skulle ha uppfyllt alla åtgärder inom ramen för direktivet vid utgången av 2005. De 12 nya EU-länderna har olika övergångsregler.
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4.
  • Hammar, Maria, et al. (författare)
  • Analys av påverkan från EUförslag för omställningen inom svensk industri : För industrin relevanta delar av kommissionens nya gröna giv och lagstiftningspaketet Fit for 55Underlagsrapport till Naturvårdsverkets arbetsgrupp
  • 2022
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Rapporten presenterar resultatet av projektet ” Analys av påverkan från EU-förslag för omställningen inom svensk industri”. Projektets syfte har varit att analysera hur Kommissionens förslag till lagstiftningspaket (Fit for 55) för att göra EU redo för att minska utsläppen i linje med det skärpta utsläppsmålet om -55 procent netto till 2030 jämfört med 1990 påverkar möjligheterna till omställning av svensk industri. Analysen visar att förslagen från EU täcker flera av de hinder som finns för att ställa om industrin, men att det inte fullt ut räcker för att uppfylla den svenska målsättningen om nettonollutsläpp till 2045. Analysen visar att EU-förslagen framför allt brister avseende stöd och stöttning för en uppbyggnad av supportinfrastruktur för en transformativ omställning. Alltså stöd för att bygga upp de nya samhällen som krävs för den omställning industrin ska gå mot, både vad gäller kompetensuppbyggnad och samhällsfunktioner, men även frågor kopplade till infrastruktur som eldistribution och vägar. Rapporten har utgjort ett underlag i Naturvårdsverkets och Energimyndighetens arbete med rapporten ”Industrins klimatomställning”
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5.
  • Hammar, Maria, et al. (författare)
  • Styrmedel för ökad efterfrågan på klimateffektiva produkter : Stöd för transformativ omställning inom basmaterialindustrin
  • 2022
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Här presenterar resultatet av projektet "Styrmedel för ökad efterfrågan på klimateffektiva produkter". Projektets syfte har varit att analysera hur styrmedel – antingen direkt eller indirekt – kan skapa efterfrågan på produkter med mycket låga eller inga utsläpp.Rapporten är avgränsad till att undersöka, föreslå och analysera styrmedel för att få till transformativa förändringar på systemnivå snarare än åtgärder för inkrementella förbättringar. Detta i syfte att möjliggöra klimatneutral basindustri. Ett antal hinder kopplat till cement-, järn-och stål-, kemi-, och raffinaderiindustrins klimatomställning har identifierats i rapporten och ett antal styrmedel som kan adressera hinder kopplade till en osäker efterfrågan på klimateffektiva produkter analyseras. 
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6.
  • Hultén, Johan, et al. (författare)
  • New food waste data for reference year 2022 from manufacturing sector and from retail and distribution sector in Sweden : Deliverable “D1.1 Project report” of the project SWEFOODWASTE
  • 2023
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The purpose of this project was to improve the capacity and quality of food waste reporting in Sweden, specifically for two sectors: Processing and Manufacturing, and Retail and other distribution of food.During the first reporting year (reference year 2020) of the collection of food waste data, several challenges were found within these two sectors. In the Processing and Manufacturing sector, there was a need for improvement due to uncertainties according to the EU food waste definition in terms of what residues ought to be classified as food waste, food loss, by-product or other waste. There were also uncertainties how water content should be reported according to the EU food waste reporting obligation. For the Retail and other distribution of food sector, data from only few actors were available for wholesalers, convenience stores, and e-stores which affected data quality.Processing and ManufacturingTo improve reporting and data quality from the food processing and manufacturing sector, a survey was produced asking about food waste and other residues that may constitute food losses. This was to get self-reported data from a large random sample of respondents and to better understand food loss and waste flows in this sector.The survey of Processing and Manufacturing revealed a large volume of previously unknown food waste. 305 000 tonnes of food waste were reported for reference year 2022 compared to 53 000 tonnes for 2020. This is attributed to a better representation of the reality rather than an actual increase in food waste generation.Amounts of food losses seem to be even larger. However, these amounts are also very uncertain due to few respondents from most sectors. Apart from food waste, the dairy and ice cream sector accounted for 180 500 tonnes of food loss, which mainly is whey that goes to feed. Food loss from other sectors cannot be published due to high uncertainties and risk or revealing respondents.The new results on food waste generation, corresponding to 29 kg food waste per capita 2022, align better with international figures. In a European context, the Swedish food waste generation in the industry was low, with 5 kg per capita in 2020 compared to the EU27 average of 27 kg per capita.The new method of self-reporting by respondents improves the accuracy of results, as they know their own operations best. However, there was a challenge in aligning the new EU common definition of food waste with the common understanding of food waste in the Swedish food sector.The different types of food waste to include in the food waste definition were broadened to better align with the intent of EU legislation. The EU definition was for this study interpreted to include most parts of animals and plants that have entered processing as food and become waste. This is a change from former interpretation and the main reason for accounting larger amounts of food waste than previous years. The survey was also designed to enable the distribution of the resulting quantities between different subsectors of manufacturing and processing, as they are grouped by “NACE-codes” in the Business register. Retail and other distribution of foodMost national and regional wholesalers, convenience store chains and e-stores were contacted but unfortunately only a few were able or willing to provide data. This study revealed 13 800 tonnes of food waste from these businesses 2022. This is less compared to 18 200 tonnes in 2021. Note that both these numbers exclude retail and that no scaling occurred for wholesale or e-stores. Although several smaller companies started sharing data, a few large wholesalers did not submit data for 2022 as in 2021 which is the reason for the decrease of reported amounts.Data collection in the wholesale sector yielded limited insights due to only a few companies providing data, and mostly aggregated data. This seems to be due to low technical maturity of their internal data collection and sharing. However, these companies collectively constitute a substantial portion of the wholesale sector in Sweden. It is challenging to precisely quantify their contribution, since many food industry and retail entities also engage in wholesale activities without being formally registered as wholesalers.Convenience stores provided data that could be upscaled to the national level together with data from retail, showing that these do not add up much food waste compared to retail stores. For specialized e-stores selling food, their contribution to food waste is estimated to be minimal, as their operational models and product types result in low waste generation compared to other retail sectors. A large portion of e-stores selling food are part of the retail sector and already included in reported food waste amounts from retail. 
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7.
  • Mawdsley, Ingrid, et al. (författare)
  • YOUR RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION : The Swedish PRTR
  • 2017
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • In order to impact the environment around you, you have to have knowledge about the state of the environment. The Swedish PRTR provides information on the amount of pollutants that are released to the environment around you and throughout Sweden. You can use this information as support when you want to impact different actors in issues concerning the environment. In this way, you can contribute to reducing pollution of our environment.
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8.
  • Nyberg, Elisabeth, et al. (författare)
  • Sakrapport Övervakning av metaller och organiska miljögifter i limnisk biota, 2014
  • 2014
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The report summarises the monitoring activities within the National Swedish Contaminant Programme for freshwater biota. Each monitored contaminant has been examined in pike, perch and Arctic char from 32 lakes from the north to the south in Sweden.No general trend could be seen for mercury, and all samples, except Arctic char from Abiskojaure, were above the EU target level. Lead was generally decreasing. Nickel showed a general upward trend in perch. An increase, or indication of an increase, was seen for chromium during the last ten years. Zinc concentrations were decreasing in a majority of the perch samples and in pike from Lake Storvindeln. No general trend was observed for copper, arsenic, silver, aluminum, tin, bismuth, and cadmium.In general, downward trends were seen for; PCBs, HCHs, DDT, DDE and PCDD/Fs in all species (with a few exceptions). The chlorinated compounds generally show a somewhat higher concentration in the southern parts of Sweden. Most chlorinated compounds were below the suggested target levels.No general trend was seen during the monitoring period for PBDEs. Concentrations of PBDEs in Lake Bolmen increased from the 60s and peaked in the late 80s to mid-90s and have subsequently decreased. The concentration of HBCDD was under LOQ in a majority of the samples.A majority of the perfluorinated compounds showed an increase in concentration in perch, except PFOS and FOSA. Higher concentrations of perfluorinated compounds can in general be seen in the southern part of Sweden.
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