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- Boot-Handford, M. E., et al.
(författare)
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Carbon capture and storage update
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energy and Environmental Sciences. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 7:1, s. 130-189
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration) (CCS) has been proposed as a potential method to allow the continued use of fossil-fuelled power stations whilst preventing emissions of CO2 from reaching the atmosphere. Gas, coat (and biomass)-fired power stations can respond to changes in demand more readily than many other sources of electricity production, hence the importance of retaining them as an option in the energy mix. Here, we review the leading CO2 capture technologies, available in the short and long term, and their technological maturity, before discussing CO2 transport and storage. Current pilot plants and demonstrations are highlighted, as is the importance of optimising the CCS system as a whole. Other topics briefly discussed include the viability of both the capture of CO2 from the air and CO2 reutilisation as climate change mitigation strategies. Finally, we discuss the economic and legal aspects of CCS.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Sanchez-Fernandez, C. J., et al.
(författare)
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Dual-band microstrip patch antenna based on short-circuited ring and spiral resonators for implantable medical devices
- 2010
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Ingår i: IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). - 1751-8725 .- 1751-8733. ; 4:8, s. 1048-1055
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Along this document, an innovative dual band microstrip patch antenna is proposed for implantable medical devices. Particularly, the covered bands are MICS (402-405 MHz) and ISM (2.4-2.48 GHz). The antenna has a multilayer configuration where the feeding line and the radiating elements are located at different levels. The radiating elements of the antenna are a split ring resonator (SRR) coupled to a Spiral. Both elements are short-circuited to the ground plane to achieve size reduction. In addition, the effects of human body geometry and dielectric properties on the characteristics of the proposed design are studied. Three models of the human body are investigated: one-layer, three-layer and a realistic human body based on the Voxel Man dataset. Finally, simulated results have been validated by measuring return losses of the antenna embedded in mimicking gels, radiation patterns (in anechoic chamber) and radiation efficiency (in reverberation chamber).
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| 4. |
- Du, Xueyu, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of lignin-carbohydrate and lignin-lignin linkages after hydrolase treatment of xylan-lignin, glucomannan-lignin and glucan-lignin complexes from spruce wood
- 2014
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Ingår i: Planta. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-0935 .- 1432-2048. ; 239:5, s. 1079-1090
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Xylan-lignin (XL), glucomannan-lignin (GML) and glucan-lignin (GL) complexes were isolated from spruce wood, hydrolyzed with xylanase or endoglucanase/beta-glucosidase, and analyzed by analytical pyrolysis and 2D-NMR. The enzymatic hydrolysis removed most of the polysaccharide moieties in the complexes, and the lignin content and relative abundance of lignin-carbohydrate linkages increased. Analytical pyrolysis confirmed the action of the enzymatic hydrolysis, with strong decreases of levoglucosane and other carbohydrate-derived products. Unexpectedly it also revealed that the hydrolase treatment alters the pattern of lignin breakdown products, resulting in higher amounts of coniferyl alcohol. From the anomeric carbohydrate signals in the 2D-NMR spectra, phenyl glycoside linkages (undetectable in the original complexes) could be identified in the hydrolyzed GML complex. Lower amounts of glucuronosyl and benzyl ether linkages were also observed after the hydrolysis. From the 2D-NMR spectra of the hydrolyzed complexes, it was concluded that the lignin in GML is less condensed than in XL due to its higher content in beta-O-4' ether substructures (62 % of side chains in GML vs 53 % in XL) accompanied by more coniferyl alcohol end units (16 vs 13 %). In contrast, the XL lignin has more pinoresinols (11 vs 6 %) and dibenzodioxocins (9 vs 2 %) than the GML (and both have similar to 13 % phenylcoumarans and 1 % spirodienones). Direct 2D-NMR analysis of the hydrolyzed GL complex was not possible due to its low solubility. However, after sample acetylation, an even less condensed lignin than in the GML complex was found (with up to 72 % beta-O-4' substructures and only 1 % pinoresinols). The study provides evidence for the existence of structurally different lignins associated to hemicelluloses (xylan and glucomannan) and cellulose in spruce wood and, at the same time, offers information on some of the chemical linkages between the above polymers.
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