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- Allentoft, Morten E., et al.
(författare)
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Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 625:7994, s. 301-311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1–5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes—mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods—from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘great divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 bp, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 bp, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.
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- Allentoft, Morten E., et al.
(författare)
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100 ancient genomes show repeated population turnovers in Neolithic Denmark
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 625, s. 329-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Major migration events in Holocene Eurasia have been characterized genetically at broad regional scales1–4. However, insights into the population dynamics in the contact zones are hampered by a lack of ancient genomic data sampled at high spatiotemporal resolution5–7. Here, to address this, we analysed shotgun-sequenced genomes from 100 skeletons spanning 7,300 years of the Mesolithic period, Neolithic period and Early Bronze Age in Denmark and integrated these with proxies for diet (13C and 15N content), mobility (87Sr/86Sr ratio) and vegetation cover (pollen). We observe that Danish Mesolithic individuals of the Maglemose, Kongemose and Ertebølle cultures form a distinct genetic cluster related to other Western European hunter-gatherers. Despite shifts in material culture they displayed genetic homogeneity from around 10,500 to 5,900 calibrated years before present, when Neolithic farmers with Anatolian-derived ancestry arrived. Although the Neolithic transition was delayed by more than a millennium relative to Central Europe, it was very abrupt and resulted in a population turnover with limited genetic contribution from local hunter-gatherers. The succeeding Neolithic population, associated with the Funnel Beaker culture, persisted for only about 1,000 years before immigrants with eastern Steppe-derived ancestry arrived. This second and equally rapid population replacement gave rise to the Single Grave culture with an ancestry profile more similar to present-day Danes. In our multiproxy dataset, these major demographic events are manifested as parallel shifts in genotype, phenotype, diet and land use.
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- Melder, Cecilia A, T.Dr. 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Validating WHOQOL-SRPB in Sweden : instrument adaption for measuring existential aspects of health-related quality of life [HRQL] in secular contexts
- 2016
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Ingår i: Quality of Life Research. - : Springer. - 0962-9343 .- 1573-2649. ; 25, s. 100-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aims: To present the validation process of WHOQOL-SRPB andWHOQOL-SRPB BREF in Sweden, one of the most secular countriesin the world though multi-religious, thus emphasising the need forprerequisite adjustments for cultural validation of the spirituality,religiousness and personal beliefs facets [SRPB].Methods: Theprocess adopted here follows WHO guidelines for translation andadaptation of instruments: Forward and Back translation, Pre-testing,Cognitive Interviewing, and Final version. Four bilingually and biculturallyexperienced researchers worked in two groups, comprisingexperience of either the Swedish translation of WHOQOL-100, -Brefand -OLD, or research into existential public health. Based on initialindependent translations from each, a final version was then developedthrough consensus translation, which was then back-translated.A pre-testing phase was conducted with individuals representingdifferent religious and non-religious worldviews. The final Swedishversion was completed by 170 persons, aging between 21 and 89(m = 46.6), with 105 women, and comprising both ‘‘healthy’’ individualsand individuals with mental health or somatic issues.Results:It was found that the instruction and particularly SRPB items thatused religious terminology needed adjustment. For example, ‘‘Spiritualbeing’’ was replaced with ‘‘Spiritual dimension’’, ‘‘Belief’’ with‘‘Your belief/idea’’, and ‘‘higher and more powerful’’ (instructiontext) was translated to ‘‘force/power/dimension’’. The pre- test resultswere useful in this process, especially qualitative information fromindividuals representing secular existential worldviews includingdifferent philosophical and political traditions. The internal consistencyreliability of the overall SRPB-module was high (alpha = .97)as well as for the 8 facets (alpha ranging .80–.97). Test- retest(n = 19) showed r = .83 (p\.01). There were strong correlationsbetween all facets, the overall SRPB-module, and the overall qualityof life general health perceptions. No difference was found betweenwomen and men in the overall SRPB-module but in the ‘‘Connect’’facet, women scored higher (p = .02) whereas in ‘‘Peace’’ menscored higher (p = .04).Conclusions: The significance found throughusing existing translation/adaption guidelines, confirms that not onlyis it possible, but also relevant to include culturally validated existentialaspects in studies of HRQL even in contexts that are largelysecular.
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- Hochhausl, Sophie, et al.
(författare)
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Architecture and the Environment
- 2018
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Ingår i: Architectural Histories. - : Open Library of the Humanities. - 2050-5833. ; 6:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- These Field Notes, on the topic of Architecture and the Environment, elucidate how problems raised in the environmental humanities have informed architectural history, and in turn, what architectural history has to contribute to this emerging field. The short essays explore specific 'positions' in the overarching debate, identifying a radical return to critical theory and the embrace of the fundamentally transdisciplinary nature of environmental humanities and architectural history. While the positions advocate for a serious investigation of architects' texts and ideas on environmental issues, the collection also champions a broader engagement with Anthropocene questions and proposes to adopt the environment as an intellectual perspective from which to look upon the world.
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- Fischer, Peter M., et al.
(författare)
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The “Ivory Tomb” at Tell Irbid, Jordan: Intercultural Relations at the End of the Late Bronze Age and the Beginning of the Iron Age
- 2015
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Ingår i: Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental research. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0003-097X .- 2161-8062. ; 374, s. 209-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The discovery of a tomb with remarkable contents at Tell Irbid, Jordan, in the center of the modern town, sheds light on the intercultural relations of the inhabitants of northern Jordan during the latter part of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age. The tomb comprises a single burial chamber for one female of high rank. She had been buried with ceramic vessels and small finds, including jewelry. Outstanding finds of ivory from her tomb include two exquisitely carved boxes, one of them with a lid, and one palette with carved lions. Even more remarkable is a unique object of ivory with the carved decoration of an ungulate. The ivories from Irbid constitute the largest collection of such finds from this period in Jordan. This tomb, although containing luxurious ivory objects of the highest artistic standard and some other precious items which could have been kept for quite a long period, contained only simple, locally produced pottery. This could point to a break in intercultural relations and a rupture in trade. The present article concentrates on the presentation of the tomb material—especially the ivories and the pottery—and chronology, the rank of the deceased, and intercultural relations.
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- Abu-Baker, A. N., et al.
(författare)
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ANALYSIS AND CONSERVATION OF AN IRON AGE DAGGER FROM TALL ABU AL-KHARAZ, JORDAN VALLEY: A CASE STUDY
- 2014
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Ingår i: Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry. - 1108-9628. ; 14:2, s. 351-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to report from the analyses of a corroded iron dagger from the Iron Age city at Tall Abu al-Kharaz, Jordan Valley, and to present the conservation procedures. Preliminary condition assessment was carried out by visual examination and stereomicroscope. X-ray radiography was used to reveal surface details under the external deposits and corrosion layers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to identify the mineralogical composition of the corrosion products. Polarized light microscopy (PLM) was used to examine a cross-section taken from the dagger to determine its corrosion profile and internal metallographic microstructure. The dagger's radiograph showed that the edges and tip of the dagger were its weakest and most corroded parts. XRD results showed that goethite (alpha-FeOOH), lepidocrocite (gamma-FeOOH) and magnetite (Fe3O4) were the main corrosion products. PLM examination showed that the dagger had greatly converted into magnetite. It also showed signs of hammering, carburization and heat treatment during the manufacturing process of the artifact. The dagger was treated by immersion in an alkaline solution to extract any chloride ions present in the artifact. It was then treated with tannic acid to produce a coherent film of black ferric tannate. Finally, it was coated with Paraloid B72 to consolidate it and protect it from atmospheric humidity and corrosive ions in the environmentally uncontrolled storage area.
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