| 1. |
- Fischer, Thomas, Dr.-Ing. 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Achieving Conformance to Document Standards : Can PDF Files Conform to the PDF/A-1b Specification?
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research. - : IGI Global. - 2470-8542 .- 2470-8550. ; 19:1, s. 1-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of long-term archival of digital assets, file formats that are standardized and designed for longevity such as PDF/A are preferred. However, due to the complexity of and ambiguities in PDF standards, it is far from trivial to either create standard-conformant files or check the conformance of any given file. This study investigates the challenges when checking real-world PDF files from public sector organizations meant for long-term archival for PDF/A conformance. Results show that only a small set of PDF files claims to conform to the PDF/A-1b specification variant and even fewer files pass conformance checks by various conformance checking tools. Challenges for conformance checking tools include both ambiguities in the standards’ technical specifications and limitations in the implementation.
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| 2. |
- Fischer, Thomas, Dr.-Ing. 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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On challenges for achieving conformance of files to document standards : The case of PDF/A-1b
- 2021
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Ingår i: Joint Proceedings EURAS 2021. - Aachen : Verlag Mainz. - 9783958864214 - 395886421X ; , s. 171-190
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- File formats that are standardized and designed for longevity, such as PDF/A, are preferred in the context of long-term archival of digital assets. However, it is far from trivial to either create standard-conformant files or check the conformance of any given file due to the complexity and ambiguities in PDF standards. This study aims to investigate challenges when checking PDF/A conformance for real-world PDF files from public sector organizations that are intended for long-term-archival. Findings show that only a small proportion of the PDF files claim to conform to the PDF/A-1b specification and even fewer files pass conformance checks performed through the use of various conformance checking tools. Challenges for conformance checking tools include both ambiguities in the technical specifications of standards and limitations in the implementation of software.
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| 3. |
- Fischer, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
-
On challenges for achieving conformance to document standards : Can PDF files conform to the PDF/A-1b specification?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings 25th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference. - Aachen : Verlagshaus Mainz. - 9783958863552 - 3958863558 ; , s. 21-40
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of long-term archival of digital assets, file formats that are standardized and designed for longevity such as PDF/A are preferred. However, due to the complexity and ambiguities in PDF standards, it is far from trivial to either create standard-conformant files or check the conformance of any given file. This study aims at investigating the challenges when checking real-world PDF files from public sector organizations meant for long-term archival for PDF/A conformance. Results show that only a small set of PDF files claims to conform to the PDF/A-1b specification variant and even fewer files pass conformance checks by various conformance checking tools. Challenges for conformance checking tools include both ambiguities in the standards’ technical specifications and limitations in the implementation.
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| 4. |
- Fischer, Thomas, Dr.-Ing. 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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On PDF/A Conformance and Font Usage in PDF Documents Provided by Public Sector Organizations
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research. - : IGI Global. - 2470-8542 .- 2470-8550. ; 20:1, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of appropriate fonts and file formats for long-term maintenance of digital assets is a challenge for organizations in the public sector. The article reports from a study which investigated the PDF/A conformance and font usage in PDF files provided by Swedish public sector organizations (PSOs). This article presents an analysis of the PDF files’ properties and font usage including a categorization of fonts’ licenses. This study is motivated by the PDF/A-1 standard’s requirement that ‘only fonts that are legally embeddable in a file for unlimited, universal rendering shall be used.’ Analyzing PDF sets from three PSOs, the finding shows that the proportion of files that claim or succeed at conforming to PDF/A greatly varies among the sets despite similar backgrounds. Although the most popular way to make use of fonts is by embedding a subset of the font data, for some fonts expected to be ‘always available,’ a considerable proportion of PDF files does not include any font data. This puts the onus of locating this data on the PDF reader which is problematic for long-term archival
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| 5. |
- Fischer, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish Dissertations : Archived for the Future?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 17th International Academic MindTrek Conference. - New York : ACM Press. - 9781450319928 ; , s. 176-179
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The publication and preservation of doctoral dissertations is fundamental to progression of research in a field. It allows future generations to 'stand on the shoulders of giants'.Archiving dissertations requires to store them in a way that they will be accessible even when technologies change. Classical paper publications fulfill those requirements but have disadvantages such as the need for physical storage or distribution. An increasingly popular alternative is to store dissertations as electronic documents such as PDF files.In this study, we analyze the extent to which electronically available doctoral dissertations published in Sweden fulfill the basic requirements of standard conformance and applicability for long-term archiving.We find that only a small proportion of dissertations' electronic publications follow the Swedish National Archive's requirements to conform to standards made for long-term archiving. Only at one Swedish university, a significant number of electronic publications does conform to PDF/A-1b. Interestingly, conformance to PDF/A-1b correlates to properly setting the title of a PDF document and choosing a paper format different from A4 (ISO 216). This suggests that the consequences of missed compliance for long-term archiving are not commonly known and authors have to make a conscious choice for PDF/A-1b compliance.
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| 6. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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| 7. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Addressing Lock-in, Interoperability, and Long-Term Maintenance Challenges Through Open Source : How Can Companies Strategically Use Open Source?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Open Source Systems. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319577340 - 9783319577357 ; , s. 80-88
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This industry paper reports on how strategic use of open source in company contexts can provide effective support for addressing the fundamental challenges of lock-in, interoperability, and longevity of software and associated digital assets. The fundamental challenges and an overview of an ongoing collaborative research project are presented. Through a conceptual model for open source usage in company contexts we characterise how companies engage with open source and elaborate on how the fundamental challenges can be effectively addressed through open source usage in company contexts.
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| 8. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Effective Strategies for Using Open Source Software and Open Standards in Organizational Contexts : Experiences From the Primary and Secondary Software Sectors
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Software. - : IEEE. - 0740-7459 .- 1937-4194. ; 39:1, s. 84-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Open source software (OSS) and open standards have become increasingly important for addressing challenges related to lock-in, interoperability and long-term maintenance of systems and associated digital assets. OSS projects operate under different conditions and many projects and organisations consider successful governance and strategic involvement with projects to constitute major challenges. Today, many companies seek to establish work practices which facilitate strategic engagement with OSS projects. Based on findings from collaborative research which draws from rich insights and extensive experiences from practice, the paper presents seven actionable strategies for organisations that seek to leverage long-term involvement with OSS projects.
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| 9. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 10. |
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